Fusing Swarm Intelligence and Self-Assembly for Optimizing Echo State Networks

Figure 1

Schematic of an echo state network (ESN). The solid arrows represent connections with fixed weights, and the dashed arrows represent connections with trainable weights. Connections from the input layer to the output layer and from the output layer to the reservoir are optional. As usual, input to the network enters through the input layer and the network’s output is generated in the output layer. The bias node and its connections with fixed weights to the reservoir are not shown.