Review Article

Enrichment of Human-Computer Interaction in Brain-Computer Interfaces via Virtual Environments

Table 1

Comparison of recent applications of VEs in BCI systems.

AuthorsType of environmentBCI SystemType of potential searchedAlgorithm for detectionContribution/novelty

Faller et al. 2017 [42]Avatar navigation with sound stimulig.tec biosignal amplifierSSVEPHarmonic sum detection (HSD)Comparison of feedback provided by users using VR and AR
Chun et al. 2016 [57]Object manipulationEmotiv EPOCSSVEPCommon spatial P
patterns (CSP)
8–30 Hz and
support vector machines (SVMs)
Using concentration as a way to interact with environment
Kryger et al. 2017 [26]Flight simulationNeuroPort Neural Signal ProcessorSSVEPMapping of airplane movements (roll, pitch, yaw) to neural commands
Fan et al. 2017 [27]Flight simulationEmotiv EPOCNone-nearest neighbors (kNN)Measuring emotions with EEG signals along with a VE
Chen et al. 2016 [58]Wheelchair control simulationMRCPDetection of patterns in MRCP in four different navigational directions.
Shih et al. 2017 [59]Car driving simulationDouble deep Q learningTraining of intelligent agent using emotion detection from EEG signals
Amores et al. 2016 [11]Superpowers’ simulationMuse headbandStudying levels of concentration in EEG by stimulation with VEs based on mindfulness and hand movement
Yan et al. 2016 [56]Virtual play and scenarioEmotiv EEG HeadsetAmplitudes of , , and wavesStudying levels of concentration present in EEG signals by stimulation with VEs focused on aesthetic experiences
Kosunen et al. 2017 [60]Meditation simulation with avatarRelaWorld systemERPsStudying levels of concentration in EEG by stimulation with VEs based on mindfulness
Yazmir & Reiner 2017 [39]Tennis game simulationBiosemi 64 channel EEG recording systemERPs
ERS/ERD
Blind source separation (BSS)
0–50 Hz
Measurement of correlation between success and error peaks presented on ERPs
Cecílio et al. 2016 [54]Trash separation gameActiCHamp amplifierµ-rhythmsIndependent component analysis (ICA),
principal component analysis
(PCA) and SVMs
Utilization of a virtual avatar as a representation of desired movement
Herweg et al. 2016 [61] Wheelchair simulation
g.USBampP300Step-wise linear discriminate analysis (SWLDA)
0.1–30 Hz
Combination of virtual navigation system along with P300 and tactile feedback
Cyrino & Viana 2016 [43]Daily tasks simulation, filling a bowl with a cup, rotating levelsEmotiv EPOCVirtual environments using daily tasks
Liu et al. 2016 [62]Car driving simulation environmentNeuroScan NuAmps
Express system
Fuzzy Neural Network (FNN)
Delta, theta, beta and alpha channels.
Usage of FNN as a classifier for predicting driving fatigue
de Tommaso et al. 2016 [63]Virtual home navigationMicromed System PlusP300bANOVA
0.5–80 Hz
Virtual environment could be personalized with different light/color options in order to look for different stimuli in simulation
Saproo et al. 2016 [64]Flight simulatorBiosemi B.V. ActiveTwoICA
1–55 Hz
Generalization of similar control failures in other cases of tight man-machine coupling where gains and latencies in the control system must be inferred and compensated for by the human operators
Chen et al. 2017 [65]Landscape navigationBioSemi
ActiveTwo
SSVEPCanonical correlation analysis
1–80 Hz
Multiclass LDA
Employment of SSVEP for navigation in virtual environments.
Gordon et al. 2017 [55]Target recognitionBioSemi
ActiveTwo
P300Convolutional Neural Networks
0.1–50 Hz
Real-time application for performing BCI-based
Human-Centric Scene Analysis.