Image Processing-Based Detection of Pipe Corrosion Using Texture Analysis and Metaheuristic-Optimized Machine Learning Approach

Table 1

Texture descriptors using GLRL.

Descriptor	Notation	Equation
Short run emphasis	SRE
Long run emphasis	LRE
Gray-level nonuniformity	GLN
Run length nonuniformity	RLN
Run percentage	RP
Low gray-level run emphasis	LGRE
High gray-level run emphasis	HGRE
Short run low gray-level emphasis	SRLGE
Short run high gray-level emphasis	SRHGE
Long run low gray-level emphasis	LRLGE
Long run high gray-level emphasis	LRHGE

Note. M and N are the number of gray levels and the maximum run length, respectively. Let N_r and N_p be the total number of runs and the number of pixels in the image, respectively.