Construction Project Safety Performance Management Using Analytic Network Process (ANP) as a Multicriteria Decision-Making (MCDM) Tool

Table1

The top 42 hazards from the literature review and their relevant references.

Code	Description	References
C1	Site planning and housekeeping
C1H1	Insufficient working spaces/wrong site layout/no access/no lights	[20–26]
C1H2	No housekeeping (scattered garbage and material, dusts, excessive noise, vibration, etc.)
C1H3	Insufficient food, drinking water, toilets, rest shelters, and medical facilities
C2	Management involvement
C2H1	Lack of company’s safety policy	[12, 20, 24, 25, 27–31]
C2H2	Insufficient safety training
C2H3	Insufficient safety motivation and incentives
C2H4	Negative management attitude to safety
C3	Handling, storage, and use of materials.
C3H1	Lack of proper planning and workforce for storage	[32–34]
C3H2	Unsafe storage/stacking of materials and exceeding safe loading limits
C4	Welding and cutting
C4H1	Failure in handling, inspection, and maintenance of equipment (cylinders, machines, hoses, and cables)	[19, 34–37]
C4H2	Lack of special PPE (personal protective equipment), such as face shield, special gloves, and goggles for welding/cutting
C4H3	Welders without training, license, and certificates
C5	Concrete and concrete framework
C5H1	Failure to perform form works under the supervision of a competent person	[33, 38]
C5H2	Use of weak and deformed forms
C6	Crane and lifting equipment
C6H1	Unavailability of a safe lift plan on-site	[34, 37–40]
C6H2	Lack of licensed trained riggers and operators
C6H3	Lack of safe working load indicator/inspection stickers/latches/barricades
C7	Electrical equipment
C7H1	Unsafe installation of the temporary power (old, damaged, and wrong rating of panels, sockets, wires, etc.)	[19, 33, 34, 37]
C7H2	Failure to apply access limit, lockout-tagout, permit system, and signage systems
C7H3	Lack of inspection for the electric tools, cables, and equipment
C8	Hand and power tools and machinery
C8H1	Tools are in bad condition with no regular inspection	[20, 24, 33, 34, 41]
C8H2	Use of tools other than its intended use
C8H3	Use or operation by untrained and unauthorized operators (lack of training system)
C9	Working at height and protection against falling
C9H1	Failure to place adequate barriers and warning signs for open edges and holes	[19, 21, 22, 34, 38]
C9H2	Falling of hand tools and other materials
C9H3	Failure to use required PPE (fall arrest systems) and safety nets
C9H4	Unsafe access to high places by damaged ladders, lifts, etc.
C10	Personal protective equipment
C10H1	Failure to provide appropriate and adequate personal protective equipment for workers (head, eye, face, hand, foot, and hearing protection)	[31, 41, 42]
C10H2	Failure in enforcing, motivating, and training workers to use them.
C11	Traffic and transportation control
C11H1	Vehicles (buses/pickups/trucks/others) are in bad condition and do not have regular maintenance/first aid equipment/fire extinguishers/lights	[20, 34, 38, 43]
C11H2	Failure in enforcing traffic regulations (seat belt, speed limit, license, and training)
C12	Scaffolding and ladders
C12H1	Use of defective and worn fasteners, components, settings, and material in scaffolding system	[37, 38, 44, 45]
C12H2	Lack of proper design, workmanship, and regular inspections
C12H3	Inadequate scaffolding stability (guardrails, toe boards, secured ties, etc.)
C12H4	Failure to provide safe access against slipping, sliding, or falling
C13	Fire prevention
C13H1	Lack of fire extinguishing training, escape plans, and drills	[19, 34, 37, 46]
C13H2	Failure in controlling of ignition sources and fire watches, fire blankets, etc
C13H3	Fire extinguishers are not enough, not in proper locations, not accessible, and not regularly maintained
C13H4	Failure in storage of flammable liquids and combustible materials
C14	Excavation, trenching, and shoring
C14H1	Wrong procedures (with slab, timber, trench, boxes, shoring, lining, etc.)	[19, 38]
C14H2	Failure to locate underground services and to take precautionary measures
C14H3	Lack of proper barriers/warning signs/lights for the excavation