Construction Project Safety Performance Management Using Analytic Network Process (ANP) as a Multicriteria Decision-Making (MCDM) Tool

Table 4

Safety performance index calculation.

Category	Code	Name	Limiting vector	Limiting (normalized)	Evaluation of hazard	LnE	SPI per category
			L	Ln
					E
C1	C1H1	Insufficient working spaces/wrong site layout/no access/no lights	0.0123	0.0132	80	1.1	58.3
	C1H2	No housekeeping (scattered garbage and material, dusts, excessive noise, vibration, etc.)	0.0538	0.0579	50	2.9
	C1H3	Insufficient food, drinking water, toilets, rest shelters, and medical facilities	0.0056	0.006	90	0.5
C2	C2H1	Lack of company’s safety policy	0.2799	0.3012	90	27.1	88.4
	C2H2	Insufficient safety training	0.0813	0.0875	90	7.9
	C2H3	Insufficient safety motivation and incentives	0.0521	0.0561	80	4.5
	C2H4	Negative management attitude to safety	0.035	0.0377	85	3.2
C3	C3H1	Lack of proper planning and workforce for storage	0.0018	0.0019	70	0.1	78.7
	C3H2	Unsafe storage/stacking of materials and exceeding safe loading limits	0.0126	0.0136	80	1.1
C4	C4H1	Failure in handling, inspection, and maintenance of equipment (cylinders, machines, hoses, and cables)	0.0016	0.0017	80	0.1	70.7
	C4H2	Lack of special PPE (personal protective equipment), such as face shield, special gloves, and goggles for welding/cutting	0	0	70	0
	C4H3	Welders without training, license, and certificates	0.0036	0.0039	70	0.3
C5	C5H1	Failure to perform form works under the supervision of a competent person	0.0053	0.0058	85	0.5	83.7
	C5H2	Use of weak and deformed forms	0	0	81	0
C6	C6H1	Unavailability of a safe lift plan on-site	0.0024	0.0026	56	0.1	82.1
	C6H2	Lack of licensed trained riggers and operators	0.0056	0.006	55	0.3
	C6H3	Lack of safe working load indicator/inspection stickers/latches/barricades	0.0218	0.0234	92	2.2
C7	C7H1	Unsafe installation of the temporary power (old, damaged, and wrong rating of panels, sockets, wires, etc.)	0.0184	0.0198	81	1.6	71.7
	C7H2	Failure to apply access limit, lockout-tagout, permit system, and signage systems	0	0	61	0
	C7H3	Lack of inspection for the electric tools, cables, and equipment	0.0073	0.0078	65	0.5
C8	C8H1	Tools are in bad condition with no regular inspection.	0.0018	0.0019	73	0.1	90.4
	C8H2	Use of tools other than its intended use	0.003	0.0032	98	0.3
	C8H3	Use or operation by untrained and unauthorized operators (lack of training system)	0.0149	0.016	91	1.5
C9	C9H1	Failure to place adequate barriers and warning signs for open edges and holes	0.0194	0.0208	87	1.8	87
	C9H2	Falling of hand tools and other materials	0.0323	0.0348	84	2.9
	C9H3	Failure to use required PPE (fall arrest systems) and safety nets	0.0512	0.0551	89	4.9
	C9H4	Unsafe access to high places by damaged ladders, lifts, etc.	0	0	86	0
C10	C10H1	Failure to provide appropriate and adequate personal protective equipment for workers (head, eye, face, hand, foot, and hearing protection)	0.0147	0.0158	96	1.5	96.8
	C10H2	Failure in enforcing, motivating, and training workers to use them	0.0733	0.0788	97	7.6
C11	C11H1	Vehicles (buses/pickups/trucks/others) are in bad condition and do not have regular maintenance/first aid equipment/fire extinguishers/lights	0.0047	0.005	89	0.4	59
	C11H2	Failure in enforcing traffic regulations (seat belt, speed limit, license, and training)	0.0281	0.0302	54	1.6
C12	C12H1	Use of defective and worn fasteners, components, settings, and material in scaffolding system	0.0012	0.0013	70	0.1	62.6
	C12H2	Lack of proper design, workmanship, and regular inspections	0	0	63	0
	C12H3	Inadequate scaffolding stability (guardrails, toe boards, secured ties, etc.)	0.0096	0.0104	63	0.7
	C12H4	Failure to provide safe access against slipping, sliding, or falling	0.0052	0.0056	60	0.3
C13	C13H1	Lack of fire extinguishing training, escape plans, and drills	0.0028	0.003	80	0.2	72.2
	C13H2	Failure in controlling of ignition sources and fire watches, fire blankets, etc.	0.0054	0.0058	67	0.4
	C13H3	Fire extinguishers are not enough, not in proper locations, not accessible, and not regularly maintained	0.0139	0.015	96	1.4
	C13H4	Failure in storage of flammable liquids and combustible materials	0	0	60	0
C14	C14H1	Wrong procedures (with slab, timber, trench, boxes, shoring, lining, etc.)	0.0034	0.0037	69	0.3	73
	C14H2	Failure to locate underground services and to take precautionary measures	0.0308	0.0332	70	2.3
	C14H3	Lack of proper barriers/warning signs/lights for the excavation	0.0132	0.0143	81	1.2
			0.929	1	3223	83.7