A Complex Chained P System Based on Evolutionary Mechanism for Image Segmentation

Table 8

The values of Ostu’s function with a different number of thresholds calculated by all approaches.

Images	Th	P	Segmentation approaches
			PSO	DE	EPSO	APSO	CCP
Church	3	Mean	3276.8367	3276.837	3276.7685	3276.8367	3276.8367
		SD	1.87E − 12	1.87E − 12	0.155831	1.87E − 12	0.00E + 00
	5	Mean	3381.9107	3381.4923	3380.4929	3381.9236	3381.9246
		SD	0.0171	0.2245	1.1240	0.0046	9.25E − 13
	8	Mean	3422.5621	3420.9578	3416.2082	3420.7834	3423.2006
		SD	2.6579	0.9181	3.5574	2.86725	1.2323
Train	3	Mean	2606.5951	2606.5951	2606.5623	2606.5951	2606.5951
		SD	4.67E − 13	4.67E − 13	0.0500	4.67E − 13	4.67E − 13
	5	Mean	2736.2257	2735.3181	2735.2676	2735.6328	2736.2331
		SD	0.0135	0.5241	0.6743	2.6787	9.33E − 13
	8	Mean	2790.3435	2788.0338	2786.9829	2790.4068	2790.4461
		SD	0.0913	0.5724	2.5511	0.0897	0.0389
Roman	3	Mean	2142.3440	2142.3440	2142.2752	2142.3440	2142.3440
		SD	9.33E − 13	9.33E − 13	0.1073	9.33E − 13	1.39E − 13
	5	Mean	2221.3026	2220.8465	2220.5998	2221.3051	2221.3056
		SD	0.0047	0.2476	0.4636	0.0012	1.67E − 13
	8	Mean	2251.7218	2250.5766	2249.7117	2251.7258	2251.7325
		SD	0.0592	0.4211	1.2147	0.0673	0.0573
Starfish	3	Mean	2784.2272	2784.2272	2784.0795	2784.2272	2784.2272
		SD	1.4E − 12	1.4E − 12	0.1267	1.4E − 12	9.25E − 13
	5	Mean	2916.2557	2915.6466	2915.5862	2916.2726	2916.2730
		SD	0.0240	0.3693	0.6716	0.0010	0.0009
	8	Mean	2973.9976	2971.8186	2971.2207	2974.0391	2974.0829
		SD	0.0404	0.7603	1.8786	0.0942	0.0151
Surfer II	3	Mean	7953.4181	7953.4181	7953.3489	7953.4181	7953.4181
		SD	2.80E − 12	2.80E − 12	0.0718	2.78E − 12	2.80E − 12
	5	Mean	8025.5880	8025.1056	8024.6160	8025.6045	8025.6055
		SD	0.0147	0.2639	1.2232	0.0031	0.0019
	8	Mean	8055.9754	8054.3387	8052.1159	8056.0443	8056.0530
		SD	0.0505	0.5497	2.2741	0.0361	0.0189
Cow	3	Mean	3858.2202	3858.2202	3858.1872	3858.2200	3858.2202
		SD	0.00E + 00	0.00E + 00	0.0886	0.0009	0.00E + 00
	5	Mean	3965.2806	3964.3722	3964.0770	3965.2925	3965.2932
		SD	0.0196	0.4531	1.2480	0.0032	4.67E − 13
	8	Mean	4028.8447	4026.0490	4024.4213	4028.9299	4028.9450
		SD	0.0758	0.8635	2.6447	0.0548	0.0107
Crocodile	3	Mean	3155.4359	3155.4343	3155.3468	3155.4359	3155.4359
		SD	9.33E − 13	0.0069	0.0969	9.33E − 13	9.25E − 13
	5	Mean	3291.4296	3290.6065	3290.4743	3291.4263	3291.4407
		SD	0.0163	0.4943	1.0594	0.0323	0.00E + 00
	8	Mean	3348.6314	3346.4809	3345.8010	3348.6425	3348.7305
		SD	0.0719	0.6380	2.0889	0.1033	0.0168
Elephants	3	Mean	1626.7205	1626.7205	1626.6710	1626.7198	1626.7205
		SD	0.00E + 00	0.00E + 00	0.1220	0.0035	0.00E + 000
	5	Mean	1695.8663	1695.5298	1695.2335	1695.8663	1695.8676
		SD	0.0039	0.1415	0.8755	0.0023	0.0005
	8	Mean	1728.1706	1726.9276	1726.1534	1728.0408	1728.2503
		SD	0.0592	0.3931	1.5228	0.6764	0.0232