Research Article
A Complex Chained P System Based on Evolutionary Mechanism for Image Segmentation
Table 9
The values of Ostu’s function with a different number of thresholds calculated by segmentation approaches.
| | Images | Th | P | Segmentation approaches | | WOA | GWO | WOA-TH | GWO-TH | CCP |
| | Church | 3 | Mean | 3271.4427 | 3271.4383 | 3271.4427 | 3271.4445 | 3276.8367 | | SD | 1.24E – 02 | 9.93E – 03 | 9.14 E − 13 | 8.27E − 05 | 1.87E − 12 | | 5 | Mean | 3375.8721 | 3374.2197 | 3375.9118 | 3371.9813 | 3381.9246 | | SD | 2.65E + 00 | 6.74E + 00 | 2.62E + 00 | 9.65E + 00 | 9.33E − 13 | | 8 | Mean | 3416.6815 | 3415.4415 | 3417.0876 | 3415.6558 | 3423.5841 | | SD | 2.40E + 00 | 1.74E + 00 | 1.78E + 00 | 3.51E + 00 | 2.72E − 02 |
| | Train | 3 | Mean | 2606.5951 | 2611.4987 | 2611.5081 | 2611.5081 | 2606.5951 | | SD | 2.26E − 02 | 2.53E − 02 | 4.57E − 12 | 4.57E − 12 | 9.52E − 13 | | 5 | Mean | 2740.6749 | 2740.5534 | 2740.6800 | 2740.6784 | 2736.2331 | | SD | 1.57E − 02 | 1.16E − 01 | 5.77E − 03 | 6.18E − 03 | 2.32E − 03 | | 8 | Mean | 2794.6931 | 2793.9232 | 2794.7170 | 2794.2733 | 2790.4901 | | SD | 5.57E − 02 | 1.19E + 00 | 1.90E − 02 | 5.32E − 01 | 1.12E − 02 |
| | Roman | 3 | Mean | 2138.7893 | 2138.7837 | 2138.8057 | 2138.7992 | 2142.3440 | | SD | 2.52E − 02 | 2.62E − 02 | 0.00E + 00 | 1.69E − 02 | 9.33E − 13 | | 5 | Mean | 2218.6635 | 2218.7936 | 2218.9622 | 2218.9687 | 2221.3056 | | SD | 2.53E + 00 | 7.93E − 01 | 1.11E − 02 | 2.35E − 04 | 9.25E − 13 | | 8 | Mean | 2249.3768 | 2248.6408 | 2249.6457 | 2249.6080 | 2251.7798 | | SD | 1.28E + 00 | 1.17E + 00 | 1.37E − 01 | 2.00E − 01 | 3.77E − 02 |
| | Starfish | 3 | Mean | 2779.9252 | 2779.9167 | 2779.9252 | 2779.9214 | 2784.2272 | | SD | 3.20E − 12 | 6.64E − 03 | 3.20E − 12 | 5.91E − 03 | 1.40E − 12 | | 5 | Mean | 2912.8532 | 2912.7058 | 2912.8562 | 2912.8371 | 2916.2730 | | SD | 1.18E − 02 | 1.66E − 01 | 5.48E − 03 | 4.62E − 02 | 9.34E-04 | | 8 | Mean | 2972.2218 | 2971.3725 | 2972.3479 | 2972.2159 | 2974.0989 | | SD | 1.21E + 00 | 1.19E + 00 | 7.36E − 03 | 1.99E − 01 | 2.23E − 03 |
| | Surfer II | 3 | Mean | 7953.4167 | 7953.4063 | 7953.4167 | 7953.4135 | 7953.4181 | | SD | 5.07E − 03 | 1.89E − 02 | 4.82E − 03 | 7.80E − 03 | 6.48E − 12 | | 5 | Mean | 8025.0703 | 8025.4959 | 8025.6049 | 8025.6025 | 8025.6055 | | SD | 7.73E − 03 | 5.56E − 02 | 7.11E − 03 | 3.20E − 03 | 2.80E − 12 | | 8 | Mean | 8055.4215 | 8054.4135 | 8056.0617 | 8055.8463 | 8056.0646 | | SD | 8.27E − 03 | 7.36E − 01 | 2.05E − 03 | 1.25E − 01 | 2.01E − 03 | | Cow | 3 | Mean | 3858.2202 | 3858.2188 | 3858.2202 | 3858.2202 | 3858.2202 | | SD | 5.94E − 12 | 1.03E − 02 | 5.94E − 12 | 5.94E − 12 | 1.85E − 12 | | 5 | Mean | 3965.2795 | 3965.1739 | 3965.2932 | 3964.6096 | 3965.2932 | | SD | 2.01E − 02 | 9.72E − 02 | 6.40E − 12 | 2.93E + 00 | 1.39E − 12 | | 8 | Mean | 4028.9410 | 4027.7892 | 4028.8474 | 4027.7210 | 4028.9605 | | SD | 1.83E − 02 | 9.47E − 01 | 6.11E − 01 | 1.69E + 00 | 1.50E − 02 |
| | Crocodile | 3 | Mean | 3155.4359 | 3155.4337 | 3155.4359 | 3155.4359 | 3155.4359 | | SD | 9.14E − 13 | 1.39E − 02 | 9.14E − 13 | 9.14 E − 13 | 9.33E − 13 | | 5 | Mean | 3291.4340 | 3291.2945 | 3291.4366 | 3291.4287 | 3291.4407 | | SD | 1.02E − 02 | 1.22E − 01 | 5.38E − 03 | 1.35E − 02 | 4.67E − 13 | | 8 | Mean | 3348.0384 | 3347.4528 | 3348.7453 | 3348.6504 | 3348.7454 | | SD | 2.79E + 00 | 1.75E + 00 | 1.94 E − 03 | 7.60E − 02 | 3.27E − 03 |
| | Elephants | 3 | Mean | 1626.7183 | 1626.7192 | 1626.7205 | 1626.7196 | 1626.7205 | | SD | 3.53E − 03 | 9.10E − 03 | 1.37E − 12 | 9.25E − 03 | 9.25E − 13 | | 5 | Mean | 1695.0482 | 1695.3208 | 1695.8664 | 1695.8231 | 1695.8676 | | SD | 3.99E + 00 | 2.84E + 00 | 1.05 E - 03 | 8.42E − 02 | 7.12E − 02 | | 8 | Mean | 1727.1725 | 1726.5379 | 1728.2596 | 1728.1452 | 1728.2676 | | SD | 2.86E + 00 | 1.34E + 00 | 2.55E − 02 | 1.35E − 01 | 1.20E − 02 |
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