Research Article

A Cross-Reference Line Method Based Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithm to Enhance Population Diversity

Table 3

Statistical results (mean values and standard deviations) of IGD value obtained by MOEA/D, NSGA-III, RVEA, KnEA, and MOEA-CRL on DTLZ1-DTLZ7, WFG1-WFG9, MaF3, MaF11, and MaF15 with 3 objectives.

ProblemMDMOEA/DNSGA-IIIRVEAKnEAMOEA-CRL

DTLZ1372.8508e − 2 (4.30e − 6) −1.8979e − 2 (4.28e − 6) ≈1.8978e − 2 (5.63e − 6) ≈5.0030e − 2 (2.51e − 2) −1.8977e − 2 (2.29e − 5)
DTLZ2126.9661e − 2 (5.68e − 5) −5.0301e − 2 (4.52e − 7) −5.0301e − 2 (4.21e − 7) −6.6663e − 2 (2.44e − 3) −4.6814e − 2 (5.07e − 5)
DTLZ3121.0106e − 1 (1.20e − 1) −5.0394e − 2 (1.67e − 4) −5.0355e − 2 (7.33e − 5) −1.0817e − 1 (2.89e − 2) −4.7075e − 2 (1.21e − 4)
DTLZ4122.3255e − 1 (3.36e − 1) −1.3215e − 1 (1.86e − 1) +5.0300e − 2 (4.47e − 7) ≈1.5318e − 1 (2.69e − 1) +2.2800e − 1 (2.42e − 1)
WFG43122.7142e − 1 (6.38e − 4) −2.0405e − 1 (3.67e − 5) −2.0800e − 1 (2.21e − 3) −2.4949e − 1 (7.34e − 3) −1.9326e − 1 (4.61e − 4)
WFG52.8760e − 1 (9.10e − 4) −2.1444e − 1 (3.75e − 5) −2.1580e − 1 (6.17e − 4) −2.6120e − 1 (1.07e − 2) −2.0682e − 1 (2.34e − 4)
WFG62.9642e − 1 (1.27e − 2) −2.1871e − 1 (8.11e − 3) ≈2.2604e − 1 (1.00e − 2) −2.8667e − 1 (1.28e − 2) −2.1759e − 1 (1.29e − 2)
WFG72.7206e − 1 (6.18e − 4) −2.0414e − 1 (5.96e − 5) −2.0612e − 1 (9.83e − 4) −2.4178e − 1 (9.90e − 3) −1.9289e − 1 (3.86e − 4)
WFG83.1847e − 1 (6.38e − 3) −2.6527e − 1 (2.75e − 3) −2.8098e − 1 (5.23e − 3) −3.3436e − 1 (7.90e − 3) −2.6066e − 1 (2.48e − 3)
WFG92.7920e − 1 (3.28e − 2) −2.0537e − 1 (7.59e − 4) −2.0722e − 1 (1.72e − 3) −2.2643e − 1 (6.75e − 3) −1.9470e − 1 (8.91e − 4)
+/−/≈0/10/01/8/11/8/11/9/0
DTLZ53121.2417e − 2 (1.51e − 6) −1.1730e − 2 (1.24e − 3) −5.8469e − 2 (1.08e − 3) −1.0462e − 2 (2.65e − 3) −5.7501e − 3 (3.73e − 4)
DTLZ6121.2419e − 2 (7.06e − 7) −1.7437e − 2 (2.69e − 3) −5.9099e − 2 (3.01e − 3) −4.7828e − 3 (3.60e − 4) −4.2868e − 3 (3.45e − 5)
DTLZ7222.4700e − 1 (8.06e − 2) −7.0580e − 2 (2.35e − 3) +1.0489e − 1 (3.58e − 3) +8.4509e − 2 (7.48e − 2) +2.0368e − 1 (1.79e − 1)
WFG13122.1051e − 1 (1.22e − 2) −1.3620e − 1 (2.39e − 3) +1.5393e − 1 (6.17e − 3) −1.8632e − 1 (7.92e − 3) −1.4766e − 1 (2.95e − 3)
WFG2122.1674e − 1 (1.53e − 3) −1.5105e − 1 (1.13e − 3) ≈1.6491e − 1 (5.59e − 3) −1.8398e − 1 (8.28e − 3) −1.5058e − 1 (9.94e − 4)
WFG3124.1686e − 2 (3.12e − 4) +8.8550e − 2 (6.34e − 3) +2.1668e − 1 (8.51e − 3) −9.6049e − 2 (8.33e − 3) −8.9822e − 2 (8.87e − 3)
Convex
MaF33121.5083e − 1 (9.68e − 2) −4.3564e − 2 (3.22e − 4) −3.8402e − 2 (4.17e − 4) −1.4269e − 1 (6.04e − 2) −3.4876e − 2 (8.30e − 4)
MaF11122.1673e − 1 (1.60e − 3) −1.5147e − 1 (9.71e − 4) ≈1.6463e − 1 (4.37e − 3) −1.8721e − 1 (9.46e − 3) −1.5082e − 1 (1.11e − 3)
MaF1554.5845e − 1 (2.10e − 1) −3.6301e − 1 (1.82e − 1) −9.0510e − 1 (2.23e − 1) −5.1952e − 1 (1.64e − 1) −2.6890e − 1 (3.57e − 2)
+/−/≈1/8/03/4/21/8/01/8/0