Research Article

A New Initialization Approach in Particle Swarm Optimization for Global Optimization Problems

Table 2

Comparative results among the four PSO algorithms on 15 benchmark test functions.

F#IterDIMPSOSO-PSOH-PSOWE-PSO
MeanStd. devMeanStd. devMeanStd. devMeanStd. dev

11000102.33E − 747.36E − 742.74E − 768.66E − 763.10E − 779.79E − 775.91E − 781.87E − 77
2000201.02E − 843.22E − 848.20E − 882.59E − 871.76E − 905.58E − 904.95E − 901.48E − 89
3000301.77E − 265.32E− 267.67E − 202.30E − 194.13E − 321.24E − 311.30E − 423.90E − 42

21000104.97E − 011.49E + 004.97E − 011.49E + 007.96E − 012.39E + 002.98E − 018.95E − 01
2000208.17E + 002.29E + 016.47E + 001.91E + 013.58E + 009.79E+003.11E+001.10E + 01
3000301.01E + 012.95E + 019.86E + 002.76E + 019.45E + 0027.69917.76E+002.20E+01

31000108.70E − 802.61E − 791.79E − 795.37E − 794.87E − 791.46E − 784.40E − 811.32E − 80
2000202.621447.86E + 007.864322.36E + 012.621447.86E + 001.78E − 895.33E − 89
3000302.62E + 017.86E + 011.57E + 014.72E + 011.05E + 0131.45733.87E − 571.16E − 56

41000104.46E − 1471.34E − 1463.86E − 1471.16E − 1469.78E − 1452.93E − 1441.24E − 1503.73E − 150
2000203.14E − 1559.41E − 1559.27E − 1542.78E − 1532.75E − 1598.24E − 1594.96E − 1591.49E − 158
3000301.82E − 1335.45E − 1332.36E − 1357.09E − 1358.53E − 1302.56E − 1292.54E − 1367.62E − 136

51000104.35E − 791.30E − 788.95E − 792.69E − 782.43E − 787.30E − 782.20E − 806.61E − 80
2000201.31E + 013.93E + 013.93E + 011.18E + 021.31E + 013.93E + 013.12E − 899.36E − 89
3000301.31E + 023.93E + 027.86E + 012.36E + 025.24E + 011.57E + 021.94E − 565.81E − 56

61000101.70E − 615.11E − 614.45E − 641.33E − 637.29E − 662.19E − 654.62E − 661.39E− 65
2000203.25E − 1129.74E − 1124.39E − 1121.32E − 1115.01E − 1091.50E − 1084.45E − 1131.34E − 112
3000307.21E − 1352.16E − 1344.10E − 1241.23E − 1231.51E − 1344.54E − 1346.96E − 1352.09E − 134

71000102.96E − 1578.87E − 1572.39E − 1577.18E − 1571.28E − 1573.84E − 1572.47E − 1630.00E + 00
2000208.79E − 1770.00E + 001.77E − 1840.00E + 003.49E − 1830.00E +003.41E −1860.00E + 00
3000301.23E − 823.68Ev− 821.25E − 1163.74E − 1165.99E − 1305.99E − 1304.60E − 1341.38E − 133

81000104.39E − 2000.00E + 001.98E − 1940.00E + 004.51E − 1970.00E + 008.99E − 2010.00E+00
2000201.57E − 204.70E − 201.04E − 933.13E − 931.10E − 1483.30E − 1484.09E − 1511.23E − 150
3000301.89E − 095.68E − 094.54E − 101.36E − 091.14E − 083.43E − 081.34E − 094.03E − 09

91000105.49E − 016.72E − 011.30E − 012.02E − 012.02E −015.73E − 011.42E − 011.42E − 01
2000202.05E + 001.31E + 007.83E − 011.43E + 006.83E − 011.29E + 004.32E − 011.08E+00
3000301.12E + 002.39E + 009.99E − 012.30E + 009.56E − 012.52E + 009.12E − 012.23E+00

101000102.23E − 1382.23E − 1382.23E − 1383.15E − 1374.35E − 1371.31E − 1361.10E − 1393.31E − 139
2000203.79E − 1481.14E − 1477.87E − 1492.36E − 1484.19E − 1471.26E − 1468.73E − 1532.62E − 152
3000304.43E − 1261.33E − 1257.52E − 1332.26E − 1321.57E − 1284.71E − 1281.38E − 1334.14E − 133

111000103.75E − 1870.00E + 001.57E − 1920.00E + 002.15E − 1910.00E + 008.99E − 1980.00E + 00
2000205.29E − 1930.00E + 002.53E − 1950.00E + 008.45E − 1950.00E + 009.83E − 1970.00E + 00
3000304.82E − 1541.44E − 1538.84E − 1592.65E − 1585.49E − 1680.00E + 005.75E −1730.00E + 00

121000101.13E − 013.40E − 011.67E − 025.02E − 022.28E − 026.85E − 022.89E − 038.66E − 03
2000201.39E + 014.12E + 015.03E + 001.50E + 012.95E + 008.84E + 001.67E+005.01E+00
3000307.45E + 002.23E + 011.22E + 013.66E + 018.74E + 002.60E + 014.94E+001.48E+01

131000108.04E − 262.41E − 258.01E − 272.40E − 263.59E − 271.08E − 261.41E − 271.02E − 26
2000201.42E − 084.26E − 082.64E − 117.93E − 113.29E − 109.86E − 102.14E − 126.43E − 12
3000306.20E − 031.86E − 021.41E − 034.23E − 039.36E − 032.81E − 021.41E − 033.83E − 03

141000103.62E − 381.09E − 373.62E − 381.09E − 375.92E − 361.77E − 351.95E − 385.86E − 38
2000206.27E − 101.88E − 091.38E − 094.14E − 097.91E − 132.37E − 121.17E −133.51E − 13
3000302.56E − 067.67E − 064.80E + 011.44E + 021.34E − 064.03E − 064.88E − 091.46E − 08

151000101.10E − 2940.00E + 003.19E − 3010.00E + 002.78E − 3070.00E + 003.21E − 3080.00E + 00
2000206.16E − 2710.00E + 005.09E − 2760.00E + 003.74E − 2700.00E + 004.85E − 2680.00E + 00
3000303.08E − 2070.00E + 001.04E − 2000.00E + 008.12E − 2090.00E + 003.06E − 2120.00E + 00

Note: “‘Mean”’ shows mean value and “Std. dev” indicates the standard deviation. The best results among the four PSO algorithms are presented in bold.