A Novel Crow Swarm Optimization Algorithm (CSO) Coupling Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Crow Search Algorithm (CSA)

Table 1

Formula of test functions.

Benchmark functions	Formula	Dimension	Up boundary	Lower boundary	Optima
Sphere		10	100	−100	0
Schwefel’s problem 1.2		10	100	−100	0
Rosenbrock		10	2	−2	0
Rastrigin’s		10	5.12	−5.12	0
Ackely		10	32	−32	0
Michalewicz		10		0	−9.66015
Branin
	2	15	−5	0.397887
Griewank		10	600	−600	0
Normalised paraboloid		10	1	0	0
Step		10	100	−100	0
Six hump camel bsck		2	5	−5	−1.031628
CEC2011 problem1	CEC2011 problem1: parameter estimation for frequency-modulated (FM) sound waves [24]	6	6.35	−6.4	0
CEC2011 problem2	Lennard-Jones potential problem [24]	15	[4, 4, pi, …, ]	[0, 0, 0, …, ]