Analysis of Risk Factors in Global Software Development: A Cross-Continental Study Using Modified Firefly Algorithm

Table 1

List of fifty-four software development risks identified through literature review.

S. no.	Risk factor	Supported references
1	Change in project requirement	[22, 42, 43]
2	Lack of ineffective PM methodology	[42, 44]
3	Inappropriate task timings	[43]
4	Failure to provide resources	[45, 46]
5	Failure in activity estimation and scheduling	[21]
6	Inappropriate planning	[22, 29, 42]
7	Low productivity	[44]
8	Delays in supply	[43, 46]
9	Lack of quality	[22, 29, 46]
10	Failure in requirement capture	[45]
11	Inappropriate design of project	[42–44]
12	Insufficient incentive and motivational system	[45, 46]
13	Lack of cooperation and coordination among team members	[22, 42, 45]
14	Payment issue	[43]
15	Lack of commitment	[43, 45]
16	Mistrust	[22, 45]
17	Project milestones not clearly defined	[42, 44]
18	Inadequate support from top management	[43, 44]
19	Frequent turnover within the project team	[22, 44]
20	Lack of specified skills	[44]
21	Inexperienced project manager	[42–47]
22	Insufficient communication	[22, 29, 42, 44, 45]
23	Incorrect system requirement	[42, 48]
24	Unclear system requirement	[42, 48]
25	System requirement not adequately identified	[42, 48]
26	Lack of motivating attitude	[44]
27	Immature technology	[47]
28	Organization restructuring during the project	[47]
29	Unstable organization environment	[47]
30	Change in organization during the project	[42, 44]
31	Shortfall in supplied components	[43, 46]
32	Adding unnecessary features	[49]
33	Deadline pressure	[49]
34	Wrong documents	[29, 43, 44]
35	Requirement document not shared with distributed team	[21]
36	Lack of common understanding of requirement	[21]
37	Cultural differences of participants	[22, 29, 45]
38	Lack of collaborative office environment	[21]
39	Increased no. of sites	[47]
40	Political state	[42, 45]
41	Social state	[43]
42	Financial condition of target market	[43]
43	Developers lack of motivation	[44]
44	Lack of previous experience	[44]
45	Inadequate estimation of required resources	[42, 46]
46	People maturity	[42]
47	Lack of information security	[43]
48	Project progress not monitored closely enough	[42, 44]
49	Inadequately trained development team members	[22, 42, 44]
50	Failure in process	[44]
51	Use of new technology	[47]
52	Project time estimation error	[46]
53	Insufficient knowledge and expertise	[42, 43, 45]
54	Inappropriate leadership and control	[43]