Blockchain-Based Digital Twins Collaboration for Smart Pandemic Alerting: Decentralized COVID-19 Pandemic Alerting Use Case

Table 1

Comparison of the existing work and our current proposed work.

Reference	Highlighted	Blockchain	Digital twin	Collaboration	Data analysis	Pandemic alerting
Leng et al. [45]	The ManuChain model is proposed based on the incorporation of blockchain into digital twin on a decentralized manufacturing	✓	✓	X	X	X
Leng et al. [46]	The Makerchain model based on digital twins is proposed to handle the cyber-credit of social manufacturing among various makers	✓	✓	X	X	X
Kuo [48]	Explorerchain is a reference for researchers to implement and deploy blockchain technology in the healthcare/genomic domain using online machine learning	✓	X	X	✓	X
Sahal et al. [8]	A framework for empowering intelligence digital twins collaboration based on blockchain for smart transportation	✓	✓	✓	✓	X
Zhang et al. [47]	MBCoT architecture for the configuration of a secure, traceable, and decentralized manufacturing	✓	X	X	X	X
Alsamhi and Lee [13]	A blockchain framework for heterogeneous multirobot collaboration to combat COVID-19 in decentralized peer-to-peer network	✓	X	✓	✓	X
Obushnyi et al. [49]	A protocol based on DLT to guarantee the transfer of values between digital twins in economic systems	✓	✓	X	X	X
Altun and Tavli [16]	A ledger-based digital twin reference model for predictive maintenance	✓	✓	X	✓	X
Sahal et al. [8]	A framework for automatic erratic operational data detection in Industry 4.0	X	✓	✓	X	X
Dietz et al. [5]	A framework for secure digital twin data sharing based on DLT to track events and provenance information	✓	✓	X	X	X
Kapteyn et al. [35]	A predictive digital twins methodology based on ML using UAV case study	X	✓	X	✓	X
Austin et al. [50]	A smart city digital twin architecture using reasoning and ML to automated decision-making	X	✓	X	✓	X
Our work	A framework of blockchain-based digital twins collaboration for smart decentralized pandemic altering	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓