A Deep-Learning Framework for Analysing Students’ Review in Higher Education

Table 6

Precision (P), recall (R), and F1-score (F1) for models developed for the aspect-term identification model.

Aspect categories	LSTM			GRU			Bi-GRU			Bi-LSTM
	P	R	F1	P	R	F1	P	R	F1	P	R	F1
Assessment	0.93	0.82	0.87	0.93	0.82	0.87	0.88	0.88	0.88	0.94	0.88	0.91
Content	0.67	0.33	0.44	1.00	0.42	0.59	1.00	0.42	0.59	1.00	0.42	0.59
Delivery approach	0.75	0.81	0.78	0.70	0.83	0.76	0.67	0.81	0.74	0.67	0.79	0.72
General	0.73	0.85	0.79	0.79	0.85	0.81	0.58	0.85	0.69	0.73	0.85	0.79
Lecture hours	0.92	0.73	81	0.83	1.00	0.91	1.00	0.73	0.85	0.92	0.80	0.86
Management	0.71	0.50	0.59	0.56	0.50	0.53	0.75	0.60	0.67	0.54	0.70	0.61
Practical hours	0.82	0.95	0.88	0.86	0.95	0.90	0.86	0.95	0.90	0.90	0.95	0.92
Tutorials	1.00	0.83	0.91	1.00	0.76	0.86	1.00	0.83	0.91	1.00	0.69	0.82
Experiential learning	1.00	0.91	0.95	0.92	1.00	0.96	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.92	1.00	0.96
Professional competencies	0.56	0.56	0.56	0.75	0.33	0.46	0.67	0.22	0.33	0.50	0.22	0.31
Teaching and learning environment	0.53	1.00	0.69	0.57	0.80	0.67	0.53	0.90	0.67	0.62	1.00	0.77
Teaching and learning resources	0.70	0.78	0.74	0.70	0.78	0.74	0.82	0.78	0.80	0.70	0.78	0.74
Accuracy			0.78			0.79			0.78			0.77
Macroaverage	0.78	0.76	0.75	0.80	0.75	0.75	0.81	0.75	0.75	0.79	0.76	0.75
Weighted average	0.80	0.78	0.78	0.81	0.79	0.78	0.81	0.78	0.78	0.80	0.77	0.77