Abstract
Variceal hemorrhage is a frequent complication of cirrhosis and is associated with a high mortality rate, especially in patients with decompensated liver disease. Endoscopy is useful in identifying factors that predict a high likelihood of bleeding, including large varices and red colour signs. Endoscopic rubber band ligation has superseded sclerotherapy in the prevention of both recurrent hemorrhage and the first episode of bleeding, because it causes fewer complications and requires fewer sessions to eradicate varices. It has been proven to be more effective than nontreatment in the primary prophylaxis against variceal hemorrhage. There is extensive literature that has found that band ligation is more effective than beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists at preventing the first variceal hemorrhage. There is ongoing debate about the relative merits of these two approaches, but the available evidence supports the conclusion that band ligation is the treatment of choice in the primary prevention of variceal bleeding. Trials of combined medical and endoscopic therapy are eagerly awaited, and the author suspects that it may prove to be more effective than either modality alone.