Metabonomics Research Progress on Liver Diseases

Table 1

The main information about clinical and experimental metabolomic studies on DILI.

Reference	Methods	Sample	Main findings
[15]	UPLC-TOF-MS	Serum	LPC 16:0, LPC 18:0, LPC 18:2, and LPC 18:3↓; glycylchenodeoxycholic acid, glycocholate, bilirubin, stearic acid amide, oleic acid amide, myristyl amide, and hypoxanthine↑
[16]	^1H-NMR	Serum and urine	Serum metabolites: lactate, glucose, 3-hydroxyisovalerate, isoleucine, acetylglycine, acetone, acetate, glutamine, ethanol, and isobutyrate↑; urine metabolites: citrate, glycine, hippurate↓; 3-chlorotyrosine, phenylalanine, and glutarate↑
[17]	UPLC-TOF-MS/MS	Serum	sn-1 monoacylglycerophosphocholine, sn-2 arachidonyl diacylglycerophosphocholine, and sphingolipids↓; diacylglycerophosphocholines, monoacylglycerophosphoethanolamines, and amino acids↑
[18]	GC-MS	Serum	NEFAs: C18:1n9, C18:1n7, C18:2n6, C20:3n6, C20:4n6, C20:5n3, and C22:6n3↑; all EFAs except C12:0↑

UPLC-TOF-MS: ultraperformance liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
UPLC-TOF-MS/MS: ultraperformance liquid chromatography/time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry.
¹H-NMR: a proton nuclear magnetic resonance.
GC-MS: gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.