Research Article
Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor Ameliorates Hepatic Steatosis Associated with Improvement of Autophagy in Diabetic Rats
Figure 5
mRNA expression levels of β-oxidation-related genes in the rat liver. mRNA expression of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-1α (a), AMPK-2α (b), carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT)1 (c), and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator (PGC)-1α (d) was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) in duplicate. The transcript levels were normalized by comparison with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) expression. DM, diabetes mellitus. All data are expressed as the means ± standard deviations (n = 8 per group). vs. normal control. † vs. DM/saline.
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