Gastrointestinal Bleeding in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

Table 3

Results of univariable metaregression analysis performed after removing outlier’s studies.

Covariates	Number of studies	Beta coefficient ± SE	Adjusted R^2 (%)	value	value ± SE after Monte Carlo permutation
Country	8	0.978 (±0.009)	100	0.055	0.417 ± 0.0070
Age	6	0.998 (±0.002)	100	0.423	0.592 ± 0.0060
Sex (male)	6	0.999 (±7.54^−07)	100	0.274	0.298 ± 0.0065
Anticoagulants/NSAIDs intake	3	1.000 (±0.0003)	—	0.589	0.339 ± 0.0067
Source of bleeding (UGIB vs. UGIB + LGIB)	8	1.029 (±0.010)	100	0.028	0.037 ± 0.0027
NICE quality assessment scale score	8	1.002 (±0.020)	−50.74	0.909	0.967 ± 0.0025

SE = standard error; R² = relative reduction in between-study variance: the value indicates the proportion of between study variance explained by covariate; NSAIDs = nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents; UGIB = upper gastrointestinal bleeding; LGIB = lower gastrointestinal bleeding; and NICE = National Institute of Clinical Excellence.