Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology

Research Article

Metabolic and Hepatic Effects of Energy-Reduced Anti-Inflammatory Diet in Younger Adults with Obesity

Table 1

Patient characteristics and changes in anthropometric and biochemical parameters at baseline and after 6 months of dietary intervention.


Variable	Anti-inflammatory diet group (n = 42)				Control diet group (n = 39)				Baseline -value^b	6-months -value^c
Variable	Baseline	6 months	Change (%)	-value^a	Baseline	6 months	Change (%)	-value^a	Baseline -value^b	6-months -value^c

Sex (men/women)	3/39		−	<0.001^d	4/35		−	<0.001^d	0.619^d	−
Metabolic syndrome (yes)	20	11	−45.0	0.042^d	13	9	−30.8	0.314^d	0.191^d	0.746^d
HbA1c ≥ 6.5%	12	5	−58.3	0.057^d	18	6	−66.7	0.003^d	0.102^d	0.648^d
NAFLD-FLS > –0.64	18	13	−27.8	0.062^d	15	10	−33.3	0.019^d	0.916^d	0.596^d
FLI > 0.8	20	15	−25.0	0.184^d	21	18	−14.3	0.749^d	0.575^d	0.339^d
FIB-4 > 1.45	2	0	−100.0	<0.001^d	2	0	−100.0	<0.001^d	0.938^d	0.992^d
Age (years)	43.6 (5.8)		−	−	41.7 (6.7)		−	−	0.178	−

Anthropometry and body composition
Body weight (kg)	102.9 (14.2)	95.7 (11.7)	−7.1	<0.001	101.4 (21.9)	95.1 (21.4)	−6.2	<0.001	0.770	0.903
Body Mass Index (kg/m²)	35.4 (4.3)	32.9 (3.9)	−7.0	<0.001	33.4 (5.5)	31.0 (4.3)	−7.2	<0.001	0.179	0.119
Waist circumference (cm)	108.4 (8.4)	102.9 (7.8)	−5.1	<0.001	107.9 (10.1)	100.9 (10.0)	−6.5	<0.001	0.482	0.442
Total fat tissue (%)	44.9 (4.4)	42.3 (4.8)	−5.6	<0.001	45.6 (2.6)	42.2 (3.0)	−7.4	<0.001	0.505	0.755
Visceral adipose tissue (l)	3.1 (1.3)	2.4 (1.0)	−22.3	<0.001	3.5 (1.6)	2.6 (1.4)	−25.4	<0.001	0.376	0.798
Nonfat tissue (%)	55.1 (4.4)	57.8 (4.7)	4.8	<0.001	54.4 (2.6)	57.2 (2.4)	5.2	<0.001	0.484	0.587
Skeletal muscle tissue (kg)	27.4 (3.9)	26.2 (3.3)	−4.3	0.022	27.0 (6.2)	25.8 (7.3)	−4.4	0.005	0.449	0.085

Biochemical parameters
Glucose (mmol/l)	5.7 (1.4)	5.5 (0.6)	−3.7	0.284	5.6 (0.5)	4.9 (0.6)	−13.1	<0.001	0.107	0.001
HbA1c (mmol/mol)	35.3 (6.5)	34.7 (7.6)	−1.7	0.855	38.3 (4.9)	38.4 (4.7)	0.1	0.121	0.128	0.050
Insulin (mU/l)	18.2 (11.7)	16.2 (10.0)	−11.1	0.946	16.1 (4.9)	11.7 (3.9)	−27.1	0.008	0.419	0.048
HOMA-IR (pmol/l)	4.8 (3.9)	4.1 (3.0)	−15.5	0.307	4.0 (1.3)	2.5 (0.9)	−36.3	0.002	0.572	0.040
Total cholesterol (mmol/l)	5.3 (1.1)	5.0 (1.34)	−5.3	0.594	5.8 (0.7)	5.4 (0.8)	−7.7	0.002	0.028	0.193
HDL-C (mmol/l)	1.4 (0.2)	1.5 (0.53)	10.2	0.058	1.3 (0.2)	1.3 (0.1)	−0.8	0.073	0.642	0.127
LDL-C (mmol/l)	3.3 (1.0)	3.2 (0.99)	−4.6	0.354	3.8 (0.6	3.4 (0.6)	−12.0	<0.001	0.031	0.343
Triglycerides (mmol/l)	1.3 (0.9)	1.2(0.56)	−12.2	0.445	1.5 (0.4)	1.3 (0.5)	−11.3	0.393	0.008	0.144
Platelet (×10⁹/l)	261.3 (73.4)	248.3 (77.1)	−5.0	0.289	290.9 (104.3)	286.9 (85.3)	−1.4	0.226	0.268	0.049
hs-CRP (mg/l)	6.3 (5.5)	4.4 (4.29)	−29.5	0.003	6.8 (4.1)	3.9 (0.9)	−42.2	0.010	0.311	0.662
IL-6 (pg/mL)	0.8 (0.6)	0.6 (0.36)	−18.2	0.013	1.3 (0.9)	1.0 (0.8)	−26.9	0.002	<0.001	0.001
TNF-α (pg/mL)	0.4 (0.2)	0.3 (0.09)	−34.2	0.002	1.7 (0.3)	1.5 (0.4)	−10.5	<0.001	0.001	<0.001

Data are presented as number or the mean (SD). NAFLD-FLS, Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Liver Fat Score; FLI, Fatty Liver Index; FIB-4, Fibrosis Index based on four factors; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein; hs-CRP: high sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin-6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha. ^aComparison within dietary groups (baseline and after 6 months). ^bBaseline differences between the AID and CD groups. ^cDifferences after 6 months between the AID and CD groups. ^dChi-squared test for baseline differences between the AID and CD groups.