Metabolic and Hepatic Effects of Energy-Reduced Anti-Inflammatory Diet in Younger Adults with Obesity

Table 4

Regression analyses of the liver parameters after 6 months of dietary intervention as dependent variables and changes in anthropometric, biochemical, and dietary factors as independent variables in the AID group.^a

Variable changes (Δ)	Anti-inflammatory diet group
	NAFLD-FLS				FLI				FIB-4
	Unadjusted		Adjusted		Unadjusted		Adjusted		Unadjusted		Adjusted
	β	value	β	value	β	value	β	value	β	value	β	value
Bodyweight (kg)	−0.47	0.418	−1.00	0.280	−0.43	0.379	0.75	0.102	−0.70	0.381	−1.41	0.089
BMI (kg/m^2)	−0.49	0.739	−1.95	0.291	−0.79	0.530	−1.44	0.111	−1.75	0.401	−1.59	0.222
Fat tissue (%)	−0.39	0.098	−0.21	0.282	−0.09	0.582	−0.09	0.265	−0.11	0.672	−0.35	0.070
Visceral adipose tissue (l)	−0.69	0.300	−0.53	0.324	−0.35	0.511	−0.21	0.308	−0.56	0.517	−0.80	0.097
hs-CRP (mg/l)	−0.16	0.120	−0.06	0.489	0.01	0.849	0.06	0.161	−0.18	0.192	−0.01	0.884
IL-6 (pg/mL)	0.15	0.985	−8.06	0.318	−5.14	0.462	−0.44	0.867	−1.71	0.876	−14.21	0.073
TNF-α (pg/mL)	−2.32	0.546	−9.16	0.131	−1.40	0.660	−2.68	0.199	−1.10	0.829	−9.68	0.059
DII®	−0.47	0.131	−1.28	0.225	−0.07	0.770	−1.10	0.060	−0.50	0.215	−2.27	0.044
Energy (MJ)	0.01	0.392	−0.01	0.204	−0.39	0.706	−0.01	0.067	0.01	0.436	−0.01	0.042
Proteins (%MJ)	−0.01	0.961	−0.21	0.198	−0.01	0.937	−0.11	0.118	0.10	0.522	−0.22	0.094
Total fat (%MJ)	−0.10	0.233	0.25	0.233	−0.05	0.467	0.19	0.081	0.01	0.930	0.55	0.031
Omega-3 (%MJ)	0.31	0.235	−0.32	0.394	0.16	0.458	−0.26	0.154	0.29	0.393	−0.69	0.074
Total polyphenols (mg)	−0.26	0.305	−0.18	0.543	0.01	0.586	0.01	0.070	0.01	0.470	0.01	0.099
Flavan-3-ol (mg)	0.05	0.862	−0.06	0.799	0.01	0.651	0.01	0.814	0.01	0.947	−0.01	0.436
Flavones (mg)	0.09	0.554	−0.40	0.211	−0.02	0.881	−0.33	0.061	0.08	0.709	−0.69	0.043
Flavonols (mg)	0.01	0.206	0.01	0.562	0.01	0.440	−0.01	0.048	0.01	0.598	−0.01	0.065
Flavonones (mg)	0.01	0.509	0.05	0.199	0.10	0.900	0.02	0.076	−0.01	0.682	−0.06	0.047
Anthocyanidins (mg)	−0.10	0.777	−0.05	0.159	0.01	0.695	−0.01	0.123	0.01	0.934	−0.03	0.053
Isoflavones (mg)	0.01	0.884	−0.02	0.294	0.01	0.755	0.01	0.180	0.01	0.286	0.01	0.125

^aModels were adjusted by age, sex, physical activity, medication use, and obesity comorbidities. Models were not adjusted for total energy intake and dietary supplements because they are the DII® components. AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; NAFLD-FLS, Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Liver Fat Score; FLI, Fatty Liver Index; FIB-4, Fibrosis Index based on four factors. DII®, Dietary Inflammatory Index; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin-6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha.