Metabolic and Hepatic Effects of Energy-Reduced Anti-Inflammatory Diet in Younger Adults with Obesity

Table 5

Regression analyses of the hepatic status parameters after 6 months of dietary intervention as dependent variables and changes in anthropometric, biochemical, and dietary factors as independent variables in the CD group^a.

Variable changes (Δ)	Control diet group
	NAFLD-FLS				FLI				FIB-4
	Unadjusted		Adjusted		Unadjusted		Adjusted		Unadjusted		Adjusted
	Β	value	β	value	β	value	β	value	β	value	β	value
Bodyweight (kg)	−0.05	0.819	−0.04	0.752	−0.03	0.605	0.03	0.599	0.10	0.750	−0.10	0.706
BMI (kg/m^2)	−0.02	0.969	0.01	0.967	−0.01	0.956	−0.11	0.313	0.67	0.324	0.36	0.481
Fat tissue (%)	−0.19	0.503	−0.15	0.126	−0.05	0.423	−0.09	0.037	−0.07	0.845	−0.53	0.021
Visceral adipose tissue (l)	−0.14	0.748	−0.10	0.620	−0.01	0.900	0.05	0.525	1.36	0.094	0.66	0.123
hs-CRP (mg/l)	−0.17	0.350	−0.16	0.081	−0.01	0.849	−0.07	0.058	0.07	0.777	0.07	0.639
IL-6 (pg/mL)	−0.60	0.614	−0.78	0.247	−0.25	0.504	−0.61	0.020	−2.36	0.313	−0.08	0.928
TNF-α (pg/mL)	−1.16	0.609	−0.94	0.425	−0.31	0.562	−0.69	0.172	−5.78	0.136	−2.97	0.213
DII®	0.01	0.967	0.01	0.991	0.06	0.484	0.10	0.360	0.02	0.965	0.16	0.749
Energy (MJ)	0.01	0.694	0.01	0.591	0.01	0.566	0.01	0.188	0.01	0.638	−0.03	0.921
Proteins (%MJ)	0.01	0.997	−0.02	0.891	0.05	0.414	0.12	0.043	−0.30	0.381	−0.13	0.565
Total fat (%MJ)	−0.01	0.944	−0.01	0.891	0.01	0.631	0.03	0.331	−0.21	0.186	−0.19	0.179
Omega-3 (%MJ)	7.98	0.431	7.27	0.142	0.77	0.734	4.03	0.059	−13.45	0.354	−6.38	0.460
Total polyphenols (mg)	0.02	0.298	0.02	0.167	0.01	0.816	0.02	0.975	−0.02	0.584	−0.01	0.660
Flavan-3-ol (mg)	0.02	0.708	0.02	0.613	0.01	0.480	0.02	0.181	−0.11	0.205	−0.05	0.402
Flavones (mg)	−0.40	0.147	−0.42	0.027	0.03	0.547	0.03	0.584	−0.84	0.064	−0.58	0.074
Flavonols (mg)	−0.03	0.297	−0.03	0.118	0.02	0.535	−0.01	0.346	0.03	0.366	0.00	0.862
Flavonones (mg)	0.01	0.370	0.00	0.234	0.01	0.410	0.00	0.413	0.00	0.711	0.00	0.727
Anthocyanidins (mg)	−0.07	0.148	−0.07	0.012	0.01	0.605	−0.02	0.059	0.03	0.585	−0.01	0.848
Isoflavones (mg)	0.05	0.930	0.01	0.891	0.21	0.204	0.18	0.188	−0.98	0.288	−0.05	0.402

^aModels were adjusted by age, sex, physical activity, medication use, and obesity comorbidities. Models were not adjusted for total energy intake and dietary supplements because they are the DII® components. AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; NAFLD-FLS, Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Liver Fat Score; FLI, Fatty Liver Index; FIB-4, Fibrosis Index based on four factors. DII®, Dietary Inflammatory Index; hs-CRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin-6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha.