Association between Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Elastographic Parameters of Liver Steatosis and Fibrosis: Controlled Attenuation Parameter and Liver Stiffness Measurements

Table 1

Demographic, laboratory, elastographic, and endoscopic characteristics of study subjects.

	All (n = 937)	Group 1 (n = 163), CAP < 238	Group 2 (n = 774), CAP ≥ 238	value
Age, years (IQR)	49 (46–66)	53 (46–74)	47 (46–64)	0.007
Gender
Male, n (%)	431 (46)	67 (41)	364 (47)	0.190
Female, n (%)	506 (54)	96 (59)	410 (53)	0.190
Smokers
Nonsmokers, n (%)	654 (69.80)	113 (69.33)	541 (69.89)	0.962
Active, n (%)	190 (20.28)	28 (17.18)	162 (20.93)	0.329
Ex, n (%)	93 (9.92)	22 (13.49)	71 (9.17)	0.125
Body height (cm)	169.53 ± 10.15	168.15 ± 9.94	169.81 ± 10.18	0.057
Body weight (kg)	89.10 ± 17.92	78.55 ± 18.22	91.28 ± 17.05	<0.001
BMI (kg/m^2)	30.95 ± 5.45	27.64 ± 5.16	31.62 ± 5.27	<0.001
Waist circumference (cm)	105.51 ± 14.56	96.94 ± 15.17	107.14 ± 13.88	<0.001
Hip circumference (cm)	110.24 ± 12.39	104.15 ± 13.51	111.4 ± 11.83	<0.001
Upper arm circumference (cm)	32.86 ± 6.6	30.28 ± 4.43	33.35 ± 6.85	<0.001
Haemoglobin (g/L)	136.79 ± 18.01	129.51 ± 19.45	138.38 ± 17.29	<0.001
Ferritin (ng/mL)	147.30 ± 152.24	124.27 ± 141.21	151.86 ± 154.04	0.035
Thrombocytes	227.26 ± 64.79	225.73 ± 80.60	227.60 ± 60.90	0.738
Serum glucose (mmol/L)	7.34 ± 8.15	6.43 ± 4.04	7.57 ± 8.87	0.109
HbA1c (%)	7.18 ± 13.47	5.88 ± 1.2	7.46 ± 14.83	0.175
Serum uric acid (mmol/L)	352.80 ± 107.07	316.34 ± 115.72	359.55 ± 104.11	<0.001
AST (U/L)	30.11 ± 26.42	24.49 ± 11.37	31.21 ± 28.33	0.003
ALT (U/L)	35.79 ± 26.98	26.70 ± 19.94	37.59 ± 27.82	<0.001
ALP (U/L)	78.03 ± 39.16	82.20 ± 35.66	77.20 ± 39.80	0.138
GGT (U/L)	53.77 ± 58.66	48.39 ± 61.98	54.82 ± 57.98	0.204
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	6.04 ± 9.82	4.82 ± 1.07	6.31 ± 10.81	0.079
HDL (mmol/L)	1.98 ± 8.67	1.56 ± 0.4	2.07 ± 9.51	0.494
LDL (mmol/L)	3.58 ± 8.67	2.74 ± 0.98	3.75 ± 9.53	0.177
Triglyceride (mmol/L)	2.34 ± 8.04	1.36 ± 1.80	2.54 ± 8.80	0.089
Albumin (g/L)	44.28 ± 7.73	44.14 ± 3.99	44.31 ± 8.33	0.799
CRP (mg/L)	5.56 ± 15.52	6.61 ± 17.87	5.34 ± 14.98	0.342
Serum insulin (pmol/L)	20.32 ± 24.51	12.03 ± 8.02	22.02 ± 26.34	<0.001
Arterial hypertension, n (%)	629 (67.13)	93 (57.06)	536 (69.25)	0.004
Diabetes mellitus, n (%)	339 (36.18)	41 (25.15)	298 (38.50)	0.002
Hyperlipoproteinemia, n (%)	568 (60.62)	76 (46.63)	492 (63.57)	<0.001
CAP (dB/m)	297.76 ± 61.56	198.28 ± 29.78	318.7 ± 43.33	<0.001
LSM (kPa)	6.72 ± 4.08	5.13 ± 2.62	7.06 ± 4.25	<0.001
GERD, n (%)	293 (31.27)	30 (12.88)	263 (33.98)	<0.001
GERD grade A, n (%)	193 (20.59)	24 (80)	169 (64.25)	0.041
GERD grade B, n (%)	48 (5.12)	2 (6.66)	46 (17.49)	0.013
GERD grade C, n (%)	47 (5.01)	2 (6.66)	45 (17.11)	0.015
GERD grade D, n (%)	5 (0.51)	2 (6.66)	3 (1.14)	0.182
Barrett’s esophagus, n (%)	14 (1.49)	1 (0.61)	13 (1.6)	0.504
Hiatal hernia, n (%)	402 (42.9)	40 (24.54)	362 (46.77)	<0.001
Insufficient cardia, n (%)	445 (47.49)	53 (32.52)	392 (50.65)	<0.001

AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; GGT: gamma-glutamyl transferase; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; CRP: C-reactive protein; CAP: controlled attenuation parameter; LSM: liver stiffness measurement; GERD: gastroesophageal reflux disease. .