Authors, year Country Type of study Main characteristics NAFLD diagnostic Results Bonnet et al., 2017 [56 ] France Prospective, cohort 2,565 patients, normotensive, followed up for 9 years GGT, FLI GGT was associated with incident hypertension (standardized odds ratio: 1.21; 95% confidence interval (1.10–1.34); Huh et al., 2015 [57 ] South Korea Prospective, cohort 1,521 patients, aged 40–70, followed up for 2.6 years FLI 10.06% of patients developed hypertension; FLI was associated with baseline blood pressure and was an independent risk factor for hypertension. Lau et al., 2010 [58 ] Germany Prospective, cohort 3191 patients, aged 20–79, followed up for 11.6 years US and liver Enzymes Fatty liver disease was associated with hypertension at baseline and at follow-up, OR 2.8; 95% CI 1.3–6.2 and OR 3.1; 95% CI 1.7–5.8, respectively. Ryoo et al., 2014 [59 ] South Korea Prospective, cohort 11350 patients, only men, aged 30–59, normotensive, followed up for 5 years US 58.2% of the participants developed prehypertension, 63.7% of the patients with mild NAFLD, and 70.3% of the ones with severe NAFLD, Sung et al., 2014, [60 ] South Korea Retrospective, cohort 11448 patients, aged 42.1 ± 6.8, normotensive, followed up for 5 years US NAFLD was associated with incident hypertension, after adjustment for multiple confounders [aOR = 1.60 (95% CI 1.30, 1.96; Agac et al., 2013 [61 ] Turkey Prospective, cross-sectional 80 patients with acute coronary syndrome US NAFLD was present in 81.2% of the patients with acute coronary syndrome; multivariate analysis found NAFLD to be associated with higher SYNTAX score (OR, 13.20; 95% CI, 2.52–69.15). Agarwal et al., 2011 [62 ] India Prospective, cross-sectional 124 patients with T2DM US CAD was diagnosed in 60.5% of the patients with NAFLD and in 45.2% of the ones without NAFLD. Arslan et al., 2012 [63 ] Turkey Prospective, cross-sectional 151 patients with newly diagnosed CAD, without T2DM US NAFLD was diagnosed in 64.9% of the patients. Presence of NAFLD was associated with poor coronary collateral development. Chan et al., 2014 [64 ] Malaysia Prospective, cross-sectional 399 diabetic patients, mean age 62.8 ± 10.5 US NAFLD was found in 49.6% of patients but was not associated with IHD. Chen et al., 2010 [65 ] Taiwan, China Retrospective, cross-sectional 295 patients US, CT NAFLD (OR, 2.462; 95% CI, 1.065–5.691) was found to be an independent factor for the risk of coronary artery calcifications. Chiang et al., 2010 [66 ] Taiwan, China Retrospective, cross-sectional 724 patients US NAFLD was found to be an independent predictor for future CVD risk ≥10% (OR: 1.89, Keskin et al., 2017 [67 ] Turkey Retrospective, cohort 360 patients with STEMI US Multivariate analysis found grade 3 NAFLD to be a risk factor for in-hospital mortality (OR 4.2). Perera et al., 2016 [68 ] Sri Lanka Prospective 120 patients with acute coronary syndrome US NAFLD was identified in 46.7% of the participants. NAFLD was associated with a higher predicted in-hospital mortality (adjusted OR 31.3, CI 2.2–439.8, Wu et al., 2017 [69 ] China Cross-sectional 2345 patients US NAFLD was significantly associated with the development of coronary artery calcifications (adjusted OR: 1.348, 95% CI: 1.030–1.765). Baratta et al., 2020 [6 ] Italy Prospective 898 patients, followed up for 41.4 months US Patients with NAFLD presented over 2x increase in risk of CVEs; patients with liver fibrosis had a 4x increase in risk. Pastori et al., 2020 [70 ] Multicenter Prospective, cohort 1735 patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation FLI NAFLD was diagnosed in 42.2% of the participants but was not associated with bleeding or with thrombotic risk. Alexander et al., 2019 [71 ] Multicenter (Italy, Netherlands, Spain, United Kingdom) Matched cohort study 120795 patients with NAFLD or NASH / NAFLD was not found to be associated with increased risk for acute myocardial infarction.
