| | Author, year, country | Study design | Sample size | Population | Data source | Age, female | Liver score reported (outcomes) | Estimate effect | Adjustments |
| | Xiang, 2020 [38], China | Retrospective cohort | 267 | COVID-19 | Guangzhou No. 8 People’s hospital | 47, 54 | FIB-4 (IMV) | | Sex, hypertension, DM, heart diseases, liver diseases, kidney diseases, psychological disorders, time from admission to symptom onset date, D-dimer, and CRP | | <1.45 | 1 | | 1.45–3.25 | 4.18 (0.39–45.23) | | >3.25 | 10.16 (0.80–128.51) | | FIB-4 (severe COVID-19) | | | <1.45 | 1 | | 1.45–3.25 | 4.63 (1.47–14.58) | | >3.25 | 11.92 (3.14–45.20) | | Cristóbal, 2021[19] Spain | Retrospective cohort | 214 | COVID-19 admitted in ICU | Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón | 59, 28 | FIB-4 (death) | | Charlson comorbidity index, the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II, and serum ferritin | | Per 1 unit | 1.31 (0.99–1.72) | | Forns | 1.41 (1.11–1.81) | | Elfeki, 2021[16], USA | Retrospective cohort | 373 | COVID-19 with metabolic syndrome | UnityPoint Clinic or Hospital in the state of Iowa | 62, 48 | FIB-4 (death) | | Type 2 DM and CKD | | <1.30 | 1 | | 1.30–2.67 | 1.52 (0.37–6.34) | | >2.67 | 2.22 (1.20–4.12) | | FIB-4 (hospitalization) | | | <1.30 | 1 | | 1.30–2.67 | 1.67 (1.06–2.64) | | >2.67 | 0.96 (0.84–1.10) | | Samaniego, 2021[31], Spain | Retrospective cohort | 160 | COVID-19 | 5 tertiary-level hospitals in the region of Madrid | 55, 66 | FIB-4 (severe COVID-19) | | Hypertension, respiratory disease, and bilirubin, LDH acute C-reactive protein | | <1.30 | 1 | | ≥ 2.67 | 3.41 (1.30–8.92) | | Li, 2021[32], USA, | Retrospective cohort | 202 | COVID-19 | Two large academic centers in Boston, Massachusetts | 58, 46 | FIB-4 (death) | | Sex, BMI, ethnicity, hypertension, diabetes, remdesivir use, and history of liver diseases, baseline troponin T, CRP, lymphocyte count, LDH, and D-dimer | | <2.67 | 1 | | ≥2.67 | 6.29 (2.10–18.80) | | Per 1 unit | 1.63 (1.22–2.17) | | Calapod, 2020[15], Romania | Prospective cohort | 138 | COVID-19 with type II DM | Bucharest Emergency University | 66, 42 | FIB-4 (severe COVID-19) | | Sex, BMI, dyspnea, ferritin, CRP, AST, and ALT | | <1.30 | 1 | | 1.30–2.67 | 2.47 (1.01–7.63) | | >2.67 | 4.89 (1.34–12.3) | | Forlano, 2020[18], USA | Retrospective cohort | 193 | COVID-19 with NAFLD | Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust | 66, 67 | FIB-4 (death) | | Male, presence of type 2 DM, hypertension, dyslipidemia | | <3.5 | 1 | | ≥3.25 | 1.07 (0.15–3.5) | | Targher, 2021[37], China | Retrospective cohort | 310 | NAFLD | Four sites in Zhejiang province | 48, 62 | FIB-4 (severe COVID-19) | | Sex, obesity, diabetes, and presence/absence of MAFLD | | No MAFLD | 1 | | <1.3 | 0.82 (0.30–2.24) | | ≥1.3 | 2.95 (1.37–6.34) | | FIB-4 (severe COVID-19) | | | Per 1 unit | 1.90 (1.33–1.72) | | NFS (severe COVID-19) | | | Per 1 unit | 2.57 (1.73–3.82) | | Park, 2020[33], South Korea | Retrospective cohort | 1005 | COVID-19 | Five tertiary hospitals of Daegu | 72, 54 | FIB-4 (death) | | DM, COPD, lymphocyte count, e-GFR, SIRS on admission | | <4.95 | 1 | | ≥4.95 | 2.78 (1.69–4.58) | | Sterlin,2020[36], USA | Retrospective cohort | 256 | COVID-19 | Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center in Richmond | 58, 45 | FIB-4 (death) | | DM, kidney, cardiovascular diseases, and respiratory diseases | | <2.67 | 1 | | ≥2.67 | 1.68 (1.19–2.38) | | FIB-4 (IMV) | | | <2.67 | 1 | | ≥2.67 | 3.09 (1.38–6.93) | | Rentsch, 2020[34], UK | Retrospective cohort | 3,789 | COVID-19 | VA National Corporate Data Warehouse on Members of the VA Birt | 65, 10 | FIB-4 (hospitalization) | | Race, CKD, COPD, DM, hypertension, vascular disease, ACEI/ARB, NASIDs, SBP, oxygen saturation, albumin, e-GFR, hemoglobin, white blood cell count, lymphocyte count, VACS index score# | | <1.45 | 1 | | 1.45–3.25 | 2.96 (1.69–5.17) | | >3.25 | 8.73 (4.11–18.56) | | FIB-4 (severe COVID-19) | | | <1.45 | 1 | | 1.45–3.25 | 4.59 (1.72–12.22) | | >3.25 | 8.40 (2.90–24.28) | | Yao, 2021[39], China | Retrospective cohort | 342 | RT-PCR | Hospitals of Jiangsu province | | NFS (severe COVID-19) <−1.5 ≥−1.5 | Ref. 11.05 (1.19,102.43) | Age, gender, BMI, hypertension, diabetes | | Biliotti, 2020[29], Italy | Retrospective cohort | 299 | COVID-19 | INMI Lazzaro Spallanzani | 54 | FIB-4 (ICU admission or death) <2.67 ≥2.67 | Ref. 1.35 (1.04–1.75) | Presence of severe pneumonia, obesity, and C- reactive protein | | Fu, 2020[40], China | Case-cohort | 200 | COVID-19 | Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University | 50.7, NA | AST/ALT (death) per 1 | 3.22 (1.59, 6.56) | Total bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, creatinine, urea nitrogen, uric acid, creatine kinase, myoglobin, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase | | Sarin, 2020[35], international | Retrospective cohort | 228 | COVID-19 with preexisting chronic liver disease | APASL-ACLF Research Consortium Registry Study | 51,47 | AST/ALT (death) per 1 | 1.4 (2.5–5.4) | Total bilirubin | | Goel, 2020[30], USA | Retrospective cohort | 551 | COVID-19 | St Luke’s University Hospital | 63, NA | AST/ALT (death) per 1 | 2.75 (1.63–4.65) | Age, hypertension, diabetes, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, malignancy, chronic pulmonary disease, and chronic liver disease, total bilirubin, and the inflammatory marker |
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