| | First author (year) | Country | Study design | Publication form | Diagnostic methods of H. pylori | Diagnostic methods of NAFLD | NAFLD | Control | Adjusted OR/HR (95% CI) | Adjusted confounders | | HP+ | HP− | HP+ | HP− |
| | Wernly (2022) | Austria | Cross-sectional | Full text | RUT | US | 487 | 1940 | 532 | 2379 | 0.96 (0.82, 1.13) | Age, gender, type 2 diabetes, and LDL | | Wang (2022) | China | Cross-sectional | Full text | 13C-UBT | US | 8617 | 14678 | 16128 | 32210 | 1.02 (0.97, 1.08) | Age, gender, BMI, SBP, DBP, FBG, HbA1C, LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, AST, ALT, GGT, Scr, and BUN | | Zhao (2022) | China | Cohort | Full text | 13C-UBT | US | 37 | 73 | 169 | 396 | NA | NA | | Kim (2022) | South Korea | Cohort | Full text | Serology | US | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1.36 (1.18, 1.56) | SBP, FPG, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, ALT, GGT, and HS-CRP | | Choi (2022) | South Korea | Cross-sectional | Full text | Serology | US | 660 | 445 | 704 | 548 | 1.36 (1.04, 1.78) | BMI, HTN, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and smoking | | Han (2021) | South Korea | Cross-sectional | Full text | Serology | US | 343 | 528 | 365 | 548 | 0.96 (0.78, 1.19) | Age, gender, HTN, diabetes, BMI, fasting glucose, TG, HDL-C, and LSM | | Ying (2021) | China | Cross-sectional | Full text | 13C-UBT | US | 1412 | 2543 | 685 | 1025 | NA | NA | | Ping (2021) | China | Cross-sectional | Full text | 13C-UBT | US | 230 | 299 | 234 | 422 | 1.38 (1.09, 1.75) | Age, carotid plaque status, ALT, AST, UA, FPG, TC, TG, SBP, DBP, LDL-C, and BMI | | Wang (2021) | China | Cross-sectional | Full text | 13C-UBT | US | 199 | 306 | 490 | 903 | NA | NA | | Rahman (2020) | Bangladesh | Cross-sectional | Full text | Serology | US | 62 | 79 | 356 | 270 | 1.50 (0.94, 2.39) | Age, gender, religion, BMI, DM, marital status, smoking, occupation, monthly income, MS, and education | | Amer (2020) | Egypt | Cross-sectional | Full text | SAT | US | 442 | 82 | 96 | 26 | NA | NA | | Alvarez (2020) | Guatemala | Cross-sectional | Full text | Serology | FLI > 60 and HSI > 36 | 222 | 29 | 145 | 28 | NA | NA | | Doulberis (2020) | Switzerland | Case-control | Full text | RUT | Liver biopsy | 15 | 40 | 0 | 9 | NA | NA | | Xu (2020) | China | Cross-sectional | Full text | Serology | US | 2516 | 2309 | 5287 | 7859 | 1.66 (1.55, 1.79) | Age, gender, underlying diseases, and MS | | Tian (2019) | China | Cross-sectional | Full text | 13C-UBT | US | 1022 | 842 | 1115 | 1102 | 1.27 (1.07, 1.50) | Age, gender, education level, smoking, HTN, diabetes, dyslipidemia, BMI, ALT, AST, AKP, TBIL, UA, and urea | | Yu (2019) | China | Cross-sectional | Full text | RUT | US | 583 | 851 | 379 | 589 | NA | NA | | Mahyar (2019) | Iran | Cross-sectional | Full text | Serology and SAT | US | 22 | 43 | 15 | 50 | NA | NA | | Abdel-Razik (2018) | Egypt | Cohort | Full text | SAT | US, HSI > 36 and NAFLD-LFS > −0.640 | 23 | 0 | 148 | 198 | 1.08 (1.02, 1.25) | Age, gender, BMI, smoking, crowding index, education level, regular exercise, CRP, IL-6, TNF-α, HOMA-IR, FPG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, and UA | | Yu (2018) | China | Cross-sectional | Full text | 14C-UBT | US | 3132 | 4460 | 4716 | 8081 | NA | NA | | Fan (2018) | China | Cross-sectional | Full text | 14C-UBT | US | 3905 | 5768 | 6943 | 11554 | 1.00 (0.70, 1.30) | Age, gender, BMI, SBP, DBP, FPG, HbA1c, TG, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, UA, and Scr | | Lu (2018) | China | Cross-sectional | Full text | 13C-UBT | US | 199 | 397 | 390 | 881 | NA | NA | | Kang (2018) | USA | Cross-sectional | Full text | Serology | US | 658 | 1065 | 1115 | 2566 | 1.17 (0.95, 1.43) | Age, gender, race ethnicity, income, diabetes, HTN, smoking, waist circumference, alcohol and caffeine consumption, TC, HDL-C, and transferrin saturation | | Cai (2018) | China | Cross-sectional | Full text | 13C-UBT | US | 145 | 288 | 500 | 1118 | 0.94 (0.70, 1.27) | Gender, BMI, TG, HDL-C, and FPG | | Kim (2017) | South Korea | Cohort | Full text | Serology | US | 2080 | 1301 | 7838 | 5809 | 1.16 (1.05, 1.30) | Age, gender, BMI, year of screening exam, smoking status, alcohol intake, regular exercise, and education level, HS-CRP, HOMA-IR, SBP, FPG, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, AST, ALT, and GGT | | Chen (2017) | China | Cross-sectional | Full text | 13C-UBT | US | 313 | 290 | 723 | 937 | 1.39 (1.05, 1.73) | Age, gender, UA, AST, ALT, GGT, TG, BMI, waist circumference, and HbA1C | | Kumar (2017) | India | Cross-sectional | Abstract | RUT | US | 11 | 16 | 20 | 73 | NA | NA | | Albert (2016) | Spain | Cross-sectional | Full text | RUT | Liver biopsy | 264 | 110 | 25 | 17 | NA | NA | | Baeg (2016) | South Korea | Cross-sectional | Full text | 13C-UBT | HSI > 36 | 505 | 440 | 1131 | 1587 | 1.13 (0.97, 1.31) | Age, gender, smoking, and HS-CRP | | Tang (2016) | USA | Cross-sectional | Abstract | RUT, serology or SAT | US or liver biopsy | 49 | 73 | 40 | 108 | 1.18 (1.00, 2.96) | Age, gender, and statin use | | Zhang (2016) | China | Case-control | Full text | 14C-UBT | Liver biopsy | 300 | 300 | 144 | 456 | 3.17 (1.91, 5.74) | Gender and geriatric diseases | | Okushin (2015) | Japan | Cross-sectional | Full text | Serology | US | 523 | 1279 | 926 | 2561 | NA | NA | | Sumida (2015) | Japan | Cross-sectional | Full text | Serology | Liver biopsy | NA | NA | NA | NA | 2.92 (1.11, 7.64) | Age, gender, BMI, dyslipidemia, HTN, and diabetes | | Polyzos (2013) | Greece | Case-control | Full text | Serology | Liver biopsy | 23 | 5 | 14 | 11 | NA | NA | | Shen (2013) | China | Cross-sectional | Abstract | Serology | US | 566 | 1307 | 1804 | 5414 | NA | NA |
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AKP: alkaline phosphatase, ALT: alanine aminotransferase, AST: aspartate aminotransferase, BMI: basal metabolic index, BP: blood pressure, BUN: blood urea nitrogen, CRP: C-reactive protein, CI: confidence intervals, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, DM: diabetes mellitus, FBG/FPG: fasting plasma glucose, FLI: fatty liver index, GGT: gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin, HDL-C: high-densitylipoprotein-cholesterol, HP: Helicobacter pylori, HS-CRP: high-sensitivityC-reactive protein, HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance, HR: hazard ratio, HSI: hepatic steatosis index, HTN: hypertension, IL-6: interleukin-6, LDL: low-density lipoprotein, LDL-C: low-densitylipoprotein-cholesterol, LSM: liver stiffness measurements, MS: metabolic syndrome, NA: not available, NAFLD: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD-LFS: NAFLD-liver fat score, OR: odds ratio, PG: pepsinogen, RUT: rapid urease test, SAT: stool antigen test, Scr: serum creatinine, SBP: systolic blood pressure, TBIL: total bilirubin, TC: total cholesterol, TG: triglycerides, TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha, UA: uric acid, UBT: urea breath test, US: ultrasonography, and USA: the United States of America.
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