Relationship of Helicobacter pylori Infection with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Meta-Analysis

Table 2

Meta-analysis regarding the association of H. pylori infection with NAFLD in studies unadjusted for confounders.

Groups	No. studies	OR (95% CI)	Heterogeneity		interaction
			I^2 (%)	value
Study design					<0.001
Cross-sectional	26	1.21 (1.13–1.30; )	86.40	<0.001
Case-control	3	3.20 (2.52–4.07; )	0.00	0.839
Region					0.17
Asia	21	1.23 (1.14–1.34; )	91.30	<0.001
Non-Asia	8	1.40 (1.18–1.66; )	45.70	0.075
Study quality					0.96
Moderate-quality	11	1.27 (1.06–1.52; )	77.40	<0.001
High-quality	18	1.27 (1.17–1.39; )	91.20	<0.001
Diagnostic methods of H. pylori					0.75
UBT	12	1.27 (1.15–1.39; )	91.00	<0.001
RUT	5	1.16 (0.98–1.39; )	35.60	0.184
Serology	9	1.21 (1.03–1.42; )	89.00	<0.001
SAT	1	1.46 (0.89–2.39; )	0.00	—
Diagnostic methods of NAFLD					<0.001
US	22	1.18 (1.10–1.27; )	87.30	<0.001
Liver biopsy	4	2.75 (1.87–4.06; )	23.70	0.269
Surrogate markers of NAFLD	2	1.60 (1.39–1.85; )	0.00	0.772
Sample size					0.21
>5000	9	1.20 (1.09–1.32; )	94.10	<0.001
<5000	20	1.34 (1.16–1.55; )	82.20	<0.001
Publication form					0.25
Full text	26	1.25 (1.15–1.35; )	89.60	<0.001
Abstract	3	1.51 (1.10–2.09; )	41.50	0.181

Surrogate markers of NAFLD include FLI > 60, HSI > 36, or NAFLD-LFS > −0.640. CI: confidence intervals, FLI: fatty liver index, HSI: hepatic steatosis index, NAFLD: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD-LFS: NAFLD-liver fat score, OR: odds ratio, RUT: rapid urease test, SAT: stool antigen test, UBT: urea breath test, and US: ultrasonography.