Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis of Buruli Ulcer Disease: A Systematic Review

Table 2

Summary of various diagnostic techniques for BU.

Techniques	Number	+ve	−ve	Positivity ratio (%)	Geographic origin	Reference
Microscopy	39	23	16	58.9%	Australia	O’Brien et al. [30]
	31	7	24	22.5%	Benin
	202	43	159	21.3%	Togo	Bretzel et al. [28]
	24	11	13	45.8%	Ghana	Beissner et al. [36]
	99	78	21	78.8%	Ghana	Mensah-Quainoo et al. [37]
	41	32	9	78.0%	Ghana	Yeboah-Manu et al. [34]
	44	15	29	34.1%	Ghana	Rondini et al. [21]
	65	19	46	29.2%	Benin/Ghana	Guimaraes-Peres et al. [57]
	164	38	126	23.2%	Cameroon	Noeske et al. [60]
	36	22	14	61.1%	DRC	Phanzu et al. [6]
	94	28	66	29.8	Ghana	Bretzel et al. [28]
Culture	33	—	33	—	Australia	O’Brien et al. [30]
	143	56	87	39.2%	Ghana	Stienstra et al. [32]
	41	32	9	78.0%	Ghana	Yeboah-Manu et al. [34]
	97	77	20	79.4%	Ghana	Mensah-Quainoo et al. [37]
	65	22	43	33.8%	Benin/Ghana	Guimaraes-Peres et al. [57]
Histopathology	12	12	—	100.0%	Benin	Ruf et al. [31]
	143	78	65	54.5%	Ghana	Stienstra et al. [32]
	36	27	9	75.0%	DRC	Phanzu et al. [6]
IS2404 PCR	30	21	9	70.0%	Ghana	Ablordey et al. [33]
	26	23	3	88.5%	Australia	O’Brien et al. [30]
	143	107	36	74.8%	Ghana	Stienstra et al. [32]
	202	109	93	54.0%	Togo	Bretzel et al. [28]
	24	18	6	75.0%	Ghana	Beissner et al. [36]
	65	55	10	84.6%	Benin/Ghana	Guimaraes-Peres et al. [57]
	162	135	27	83.3%	Cameroon	Noeske et al. [60]
	36	27	9	75.0%	DRC	Phanzu et al. [6]
	94	62	32	66.0%	Ghana	Bretzel et al. [28]
DRB-PCR	230	139	91	60.6%	Ghana	Siegmund et al. [47]
Real-time qPCR	18	15	3	83.3%	Ghana	Beissner et al. [36]
	44	29	15	65.9%	Ghana	Rondini et al. [21]
	74	44	30	59.5%	Benin	Affolabi et al. [39]
Nested PCR	21	21	0	100.0%	Ghana	Stienstra et al. [32]
	65	52	13	80.0%	Benin/Ghana	Guimaraes-Peres et al. [57]
	74	33	41	44.6%	Benin	Affolabi et al. [39]
Others
LAMP assay	20	6	14	30.0%	Ghana	de Souza et al. [27]
	30	9	21	30.0%	Ghana	Ablordey et al. [33]
	20	13	7	65%	Ghana	de Souza et al. [27]
TLC	10	5	5	50.0%	Ghana	Sarfo et al. [73]
Serology	61	43	18	70.5%	Ghana	Dobos et al. [35]
Faecal	67	0	67	0.0%	Ghana	Sarfo et al. [74]