|
| | Potential advantages | Potential adverse effects |
|
| Extracorporeal blood purification techniques | (i) Removal of endotoxin
(ii) Removal of middle molecular weight molecules (e.g., cytokines)
(iii) Increase in HLA-DR expression on monocytes
(iv) Restoration of TNF-α production | (i) Decrease of blood pressure
(ii) Bleeding due to anticoagulant use
(iii) Removal of drugs (e.g., amines, antibiotics)
(iv) Possible removal of useful molecules (e.g., immune mediators) |
|
Granulocytes-macrophage colony stimulating factor
Interferon-γ | (i) Proliferation and maturation of granulocyte and monocyte precursor cells
(ii) Stimulation of antigen presenting cells
(iii) Increase in mHLA-DR expression
(iv) Production of proinflammatory cytokines | (i) Fever
(ii) Headache
(iii) Edema
(iv) Bone pain
(v) Shortness of breath |
|
| PD-1/PD-L pathway | (i) Antiapoptotic effect
(ii) Blockade of negative regulatory molecules | (i) Rare autoimmune reactions for long-term administration |
|
| Interleukin-7 | (i) Stimulation of proliferation, maturation, and survival of T cells
(ii) Increase of TCR repertoire diversity
(iii) Production of proinflammatory cytokines | (i) Rare induction of fever and capillary leak syndrome |
|
| Interleukin-15 | (i) Antiapoptotic effect on T cells and NK cells
(ii) Expansion and activation of NK cells and CD8 memory T cells
(iii) Stimulation of NK cells-dendritic cells crosstalk
(iv) Antiapoptotic effect on dendritic cells
(v) Production of proinflammatory cytokines | (i) Fever
(ii) Rigor
(iii) Hypotension
(iv) Capillary leak syndrome
(v) Nausea |
|
| Intravenous immunoglobulins | (i) Pathogen and apoptotic cells clearance
(ii) Scavenging of toxins and mediators
(iii) Anti-inflammatory effects
(iv) Antiapoptotic effects on immune cells | (i) Rare allergic reactions |
|
