Definitive diagnosis Presumptive diagnosis Definitive method of diagnosis Previous use of IUD Treatment and resolution Number of cases Reference Actinomyces Crohn’s disease Histopathological report of purulent material Yes (20 months) Laparotomy, penicillin, and fusidic acid 1 1985, Spickett and Kipping 27 ] Ovarian cancer with metastasis Histopathological report Yes (4 years) Total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and penicillin 1 1997, Kirova et al. 28 ] Actinomycosis ND Papanicolaou Yes (15 years) Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and ofloxacin 1 2013, Rajaonarison et al. 29 ] Actinomyces israelii ND Culture of drained sample Yes (8 years) Drainage of abscess (colpoceliotomy), coamoxiclav 1 2013, Tholozan et al. 30 ] MSAActinomyces ND Histopathological report Yes (19 and 7 years) Laparotomy, preoperative biopsy, resection of the tumour, resection of the necrotised tissues and partial 2 2000, Pérez García et al. 31 ] MSA Malignant tumour formation Histopathological report ND Laparotomy, resection of the central part of the epiploon and tumour formation, penicillin, and amoxicillin 1 2009, García Martínez et al. 32 ] MSA ND Histological cervicovaginal observation and histopathological report Yes Laparotomy, penicillin, and amoxicillin 2 2003, Bergenhenegouwen et al. 33 ] Actinomyces ND Aspirate study Yes ND 1 2005, Lely and Van Es 34 ] MSA ND Histopathological report Yes (4–9 years) Penicillin, bacampicillin 5 2005, Kayikcioglu et al. 35 ] Actinomycosis, MSA Tumour formation or abscess in ovary Histopathological report of the ovary Yes = 2 (15 and 6 years) Sulbactam-ampicillin, penicillin and ceftriaxone, laparotomy, drainage of abscesses salpingo-oophorectomy, and hysterectomy 3 2009, Onal et al. Turkey [36 ] MSA ND Histopathological report Yes (8 years) Extraction of a mass in the internal walls of the abdomen, penicillin 1 2010, Carkman et al. Turkey [37 ] Damage in the organs adjacent to the irregular mass, MSA ND Histopathological report Yes (16 years) Laparotomy, total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and penicillin 1 2000, Yegüez et al. Turkey [38 ] Actinomycosis Pelvic inflammatory disease, rectal tumour Histopathological report Yes (12 years) Laparotomy, hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, appendectomy, lower anterior resection, Hartmann colostomy, penicillin, and amoxicillin 1 2012, Yilmaz et al. Turkey [39 ] Actinomycosis Necropsy Yes (20 years) Death due to sepsis 1 2007, Grabiec et al. Poland [40 ] MSA Acute appendicitis, fistulisation in abdominal wall Histopathological report No Laparotomy, right ileocolic resection with anastomosis of the ileotransverse colon, and amoxicillin 1 2008, Pitot et al. Belgium [41 ] Actinomyces spp.Carcinoma Purulent material culture, histopathological report Yes (3 years) Right hemicolectomy, antibiotic therapy 1 2009, Čolović et al. Serbia [42 ] MSA, pseudoactinomycotic radiate granules Endometrial infection, ovarian abscess, and both Histopathological report Yes 5 endometrial biopsies and 1 piece of hysterectomy 6 2009, Boyle and McCluggage 43 ] Actinomyces Muscular neoplasia Postsurgical histopathological report of samples from the abdominal wall abscess Yes Laparotomy, adhesiolysis, complete excision of the mass with extensive damage to the anterior abdominal wall, and antibiotic therapy 1 2010, Acquaro et al. Italy [44 ] Anogenital actinomycosis, Actinomyces turicensis Perianal abscesses, pilonidal cyst, and gas gangrene API 20A biochemical assays and 16S rRNA sequencing technique ND ND 7 2010, Chudáčková et al. 45 ] Actinomycosis Tumoural process in pelvis Histopathological report Yes Cystoscopy, penicillin, and Duomox 1 2012, Maxová et al. 46 ] Total cases 39
