Definitive diagnosis Presumptive diagnosis Definitive method of diagnosis Previous use of IUD Treatment and resolution Number of cases Reference Actinomyces israelii Tubo-ovarian abscess Histopathological report and culture Yes (4 years) Laparotomy, hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and penicillin 1 1980, McLeod et al. United States [47 ] Actinomycotic tubo-ovarian abscess Tubo-ovarian abscess or malignant tumour Histopathological report Yes Antibiotic therapy, tumourectomy, and right salpingo-oophorectomy 1 1982, Kelly and Aaron United States [48 ] A. naeslundii Pelvic abscess Microscopic observation of the IUD and culture Yes (10 years) Antibiotic therapy hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy 1 1985, Bonnez et al. United States [49 ] Sulphur granules; Actinomyces israelii ; actinomycotic pelvic abscess secondary to IUD involving the bladder, sigmoid colon, left ureter, liver, and superior abdominal wall ND Histopathological report and culture Yes (15 years) Percutaneous drainage and prolonged antibiotic therapy 1 1996, Hochsztein et al. 50 ] Actinomycotic granules, tubo-ovarian abscess Abdominal tumour secondary to colon cancer Laparotomy Yes Laparotomy, en bloc resection that included compromised abdominal wall, right hemicolectomy, hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, partial sigmoidectomy, and penicillin 1 1999, Mesa-Castillo et al. 51 ] ND Histopathological report Yes (9 and 3 years) Laparotomy, hysterectomy, oophorectomy, penicillin, and amoxicillin 2 2006, Urbina et al. Colombia [52 ] Actinomyces sp.Bilateral cystic teratoma Histopathological report No Laparotomy, bilateral salphingo-oophorectomy, and penicillin 1 2001, Burlando et al. Argentina [53 ] Tubo-ovarian actinomycosis, MSA Tumour formation Histopathological report of the ovary Yes (8 years) Oophorectomy, right salpingectomy, and amoxicillin 1 2005, Vispo et al. Argentina [54 ] Actinomycosis, MSA Vesical tumour Histopathological report Yes (33 years) Penicillin 1 2003, Alegría et al. Chile [55 ] Pelvic actinomycosis, sulphur granules Pelvic or neoplastic actinomycosis of the colon or ovary IUD swab Yes (27 years) Penicillin and amoxicillin 1 2013, Daniels et al. Chile [56 ] MSA ND Histopathological report of the right ovary Yes (22 years) Laparotomy to drain purulent material, hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and penicillin 1 2004, López-Cervantes et al. México [57 ] MSA Uterine myomatosis Histopathological report Yes (10, 10, and 4 years) Laparotomy, hysterectomy, salpingo-oophorectomy, and penicillin 3 2005, Olivera-Reynada et al. Mexico [58 ] Coinfection by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Actinomyces naeslundii ND Culture of UID and vaginal exudate Yes (22 months) Surgical excision of the appendix, bilateral salpingectomy 1 2013, Eiros-Bouza et al. Mexico [59 ] Urachal actinomycosis, “sulphur granules” Carcinoma Histopathological report ND Partial cystectomy 1 2013, Alfonso et al. 60 ] Actinomyces spp.Cyst in the left ovary and abscess in the iliac fossa Purulent material, histopathological report Yes (2 years) Laparotomy, cefotaxime, metronidazole, and penicillin 1 2004, Mejia et al. Mexico [61 ] Actinomyces urogenitalis ND Microscopic observation of the IUD, sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene Yes Oral amoxicillin 1 2006, Elsayed et al. Canada [62 ] Ovarian actinomycosis Left tubo-ovarian abscess Haematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining microscopy No Exploratory laparotomy, unilateral oophorectomy, and penicillin 1 2013, Bes et al. 63 ] Total cases 20
