Screening for Diabetes Mellitus among Tuberculosis Patients: Findings from a Study at a Tertiary Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of 127 pulmonary TB patients and odds ratios for DM.

Characteristic	Participants without diabetes, N (%)	Participants with diabetes, N (%)	Univariate OR (95% CI)	value	Multivariate OR (95% CI)	value
Total	121 (95.3)	6 (4.7)	—	—	—	—
Age					—	—
18–35	69 (57.0)	3 (50.0)	1
36–50	35 (28.9)	3 (50.0)	1.97 (0.38–10.28)	0.420
51–85	17 (14.0)	0 (0.0)
Sex
Male	38 (31.4)	1 (16.7)	1		1
Female	83 (68.6)	5 (83.3)	10.92 (1.23–96.72)	0.032	9.99 (0.66–151.3)	0.097
HIV infection					—	—
No	45 (37.2)	5 (83.3)	1
Yes	25 (20.7)	1 (16.7)	0.36 (0.04–3.26)	0.363
Missing	51 (42.2)
Fasting blood sugar, median (IQR)	5.2 (4.6–5.9)	8.1 (7.0–10.8)	—	—	—	—
Education
No formal education	2 (1.7)	4 (66.7)	1		1
Primary	39 (33.3)	1 (16.7)	0.01 (0.00–0.18)	0.001	0.01 (0.00–0.22)	0.003
Secondary	46 (39.3)	1 (16.7)		0.001		0.002
Tertiary	30 (25.6)	0 (0.0)	0.01 (0.00–0.15)		0.01 (0.00–0.21)
Smoked			—	—	—	—
No	108 (92.3)	2 (33.3)
Yes	9 (7.7)	0 (0.0)
Body mass index					—	—
Under weight (<18.5)	31 (27.7)	1 (16.7)	1
Healthy weight (18.5–24.9)	70 (62.5)	5 (83.3)	2.11 (0.25–19.75)	0.476
Overweight (25–29.9)	9 (8.0)	0 (0.0)
Obese (>30)	2 (1.8)	0 (0.0)
Abdominal circumference, mean (SD)	64.3 (10.0)	64.5 (13.9)	—	—	—	—
Location of recruitment					—	—
Inpatient	20 (16.5)	1 (16.7)	1
Outpatient	101 (83.5)	5 (83.3)	0.99 (0.11–8.94)	0.993

IQR: interquartile range; SD: standard deviation; OR: odds ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval. Multivariable analyses were adjusted for age.