Seroprevalence of Malaria and Hepatitis B Coinfection among Pregnant Women in Tamale Metropolis of Ghana: A Cross-Sectional Study
Table 7
Association of malaria, hepatitis B, or malaria and hepatitis B coinfection with age, trimester of the first ANC visit, and first pregnancy among pregnant women who attended ANC at Tamale Teaching Hospital ().
Infection/coinfection
Crude odds ratio (95% CI)
Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)
Malaria
Age group (years)
≥20
0.98 (0.62–1.55)
0.926
0.96 (0.60–1.54)
0.910
<20
1.00
1.00
Trimester of the first ANC visit
First
1.00
1.00
Second
1.17 (0.91–1.50)
0.235
1.16 (0.90–1.50)
0.247
Third
0.81 (0.61–1.07)
0.143
0.80 (0.60–1.07)
0.139
Gravidity
Primigravida
0.95 (0.72–1.25)
0.738
0.96 (0.72–1.26)
0.749
Multigravida
1.00
1.00
Hepatitis B
Age group (years)
≥20
1.33 (0.58–3.06)
0.504
1.34 (0.57–3.13)
0.503
<20
1.00
1.00
Trimester of the first ANC visit
First
1.00
1.00
Second
0.67 (0.45–0.99)
0.046
0.68 (0.45–1.01)
0.059
Third
0.44 (0.27–0.71)
0.001
0.45 (0.28–0.73)
0.001
Gravidity
Primigravida
1.22 (0.81–1.83)
0.340
1.20 (0.80–1.82)
0.379
Multigravida
1.00
1.00
Malaria and hepatitis B coinfection
Age group (years)
≥20
1.40 (0.19–10.40)
0.747
1.35 (0.18–10.42)
0.773
<20
1.00
1.00
Trimester of the first ANC visit
First
1.00
1.00
Second
0.54 (0.22–1.32)
0.175
0.55 (0.22–1.36)
0.193
Third
0.09 (0.01–0.67)
0.019
0.09 (0.01–0.68)
0.020
Gravidity
Primigravida
1.29 (0.51–3.29)
0.594
1.23 (0.48–3.20)
0.666
Multigravida
1.00
1.00
Any coinfection of the four diseases
Age group (years)
≥20
0.91 (0.22–3.88)
0.907
0.79 (0.18–3.46)
0.756
<20
1.00
1.00
Trimester of the first ANC visit
First
1.00
1.00
Second
0.38 (0.16–0.90)
0.029
0.38 (0.16–0.90)
0.028
Third
0.19 (0.06–0.64)
0.007
0.19 (0.06–0.63)
0.007
Gravidity
Primigravida
1.07 (0.46–2.49)
0.883
0.96 (0.40–2.27)
0.920
Multigravida
1.00
1.00
For the adjusted models, age, trimester of the first ANC visit, and gravidity were considered; whenever the effect of one of these was being investigated, the other two were adjusted for.
