Prevalence, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Bacterial Isolates, and Associated Factors of Urinary Tract Infections among HIV‐Positive Patients at Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital, Eastern Ethiopia

Table 3

Distribution of UTI by associated factors among HIV-positive patients at Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital, Eastern Ethiopia, 2016.

Characteristics		Urinary tract infection		Crude OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)
		Yes, (%)	No, (%)
Sex	Male	17 (27)	89 (31)	1
	Female	46 (73)	198 (69)	0.82 [0.45, 1.51]
Age (in years)	18–24	5 (7.9)	7 (2.4)	1	1
	25–34	17 (27)	115 (40.1)	2.76 [0.83, 9.21]	1.95 [0.55, 6.92]
	35–44	35 (55.6)	135 (47)	4.83 [1.34, 6.96]	4.07 [1.09, 5.10]
	>44	6 (9.5)	30 (10.5)	3.57 [0.84, 15.14]	2.63 [0.58, 11.86]
Residence	Urban	42 (67.7)	174 (60.6)	1
	Rural	21 (32.3)	113 (39.4)	1.29 [0.73, 2.31]
Educational status	>12^th grade	2 (3.2)	16 (5.6)	1
	Grade 1–8	36 (57.1)	123 (42.9)	0.43 [0.09, 1.95]
	Grade 9–12	11 (17.7)	65 (22.6)	0.74 [0.15, 3.69]
	Illiterate	14 (22.6)	83 (28.8)	0.74 [0.15, 3.58]
Current marital status	Unmarried	11 (17.5)	35 (12.2)	1
	Married	37 (58.7)	178 (62)	1.51 [0.70, 3.25]
	Divorced	8 (12.7)	42 (14.6)	1.65 [0.59, 4.55]
	Widowed	7 (11.1)	32 (11.1)	1.44 [0.49, 4.16]
Occupation	Employed	17 (27)	69 (24)	1
	Farmer	10 (15.9)	64 (22.3)	1.58 [0.67, 3.69]
	Merchant	24 (38.1)	111 (38.7)	1.14 [0.57, 2.27]
	Others	12 (19)	43 (15)	0.88 [0.38, 2.03]
Average monthly income (in USD)	>93.5	14 (22.2)	53 (18.5)	1	1
	46.7–93.5	18 (28.6)	91 (31.7)	0.96 [0.36, 1.42]	0.76 [0.36, 1.56]
	<46.7	31 (49.2)	143 (49.8)	2.28 [1.07, 4.92]	2.76 [1.15, 6.07]
Current CD4^+ count (cells/mm^3)	≥200	28 (44.4)	89 (31)	1	1
	<200	35 (55.6)	198 (69)	1.78 [1.02. 3.10]	2.07 [1.15, 3.73]
ART status	Nonusers	20 (31.7)	76 (26.5)	1
	Users	43 (68.3)	211 (73.5)	1.29 [0.72, 2.33]
Use of cotrimoxazole as prophylaxis	No	25 (39.7)	123 (42.9)	1
	Yes	38 (60.3)	164 (57.1)	0.88 [0.50, 1.53]
Use of drugs without prescription	Yes	8 (12.7)	24 (8.4)	1
	No	55 (87.3)	263 (91.6)	1.59 [0.68, 3.73]
Previous history of UTI	No	49 (77.8)	232 (80.8)	1
	Yes	14 (22.2)	55 (19.2)	0.83 [0.43, 1.61]
History of catheterization	No	59 (93.7)	270 (94.1)	1
	Yes	5 (5.9)	16 (5.9)	0.69 [0.24, 1.94]
Diabetes	No	58 (92.1)	274 (95.5)	1
	Yes	5 (7.9)	13 (4.5)	0.55 [0.19, 1.60]
Sexual activities in the last 3 months	No	18 (28.6)	67 (23.3)	1
	Yes	45 (71.4)	220 (76.7)	1.31 [0.71, 2.42]
Frequency of sexual activity per week	No	15 (23.8)	59 (20.6)	1
	1‐2 times	20 (31.7)	153 (53.3)	0. 68 [0.33, 1.39]
	>2 times	28 (44.4)	75 (26.1)	1.95 [0.93, 4.05]

Student, housewife, housemaid, and daily laborer; ; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.