Risk Factors of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria in Lower Respiratory Tract Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 1

The baseline characteristics of included studies.

Study ID	Year	Study type	Countries	No. of centers	Setting	Population	No. of patients	No. of MDROs	MDR strains	Age (years)^a	Male (%)
Villafuerte and Aliberti [16]	2019	Prospective	54 countries	222	Internal and emergency medicine, infectious diseases, critical care and pulmonary medicine	CAP	3193	38	EB	68.0 (54.0, 80.0)	58.8
Restrepo et al. [17]	2017	Prospective	54 countries	222	Internal and emergency medicine, infectious diseases, critical care and pulmonary medicine	CAP	133	33	PA	64.4 (52.5, 78.5)	59.4
Feng et al. [26]	2019	Retrospective	China	Single	Pulmonary and critical care medicine, surgical ICU	HAP	313	193	EB, SA	NA	72.5
						VAP	106	78	EB, SA	NA	67.0
Zhou et al. [27]	2018	Retrospective	China	Single	Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Division of Respiratory Diseases of Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics	HAP	157	69	PA	57.8 ± 17.8	71.3
Luan et al. [28]	2018	Retrospective	China	Single	Department of Infectious Diseases	CAP	176	29	EB, SA, SP	68.3 ± 4.3	53.4
Lewis et al. [29]	2018	Retrospective	USA	Single	Trauma ICU	VAP	397	135	AB, PA	45.0 (16.0, 85.0)	78.0
Gao et al. [30]	2018	Retrospective	China	Single	Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine	Bronchiectasis	88	34	PA	59.7 ± 18.2	52.3
Song et al. [31]	2017	Retrospective	Korea	3	NA	HDAP	105	24	GPB & GNB	71.0 (61.0, 76.0)	64.8
Fernandez-Barat et al. [32]	2017	Prospective	Spain	Single	Medical and surgical ICUs	ICUAP	64	22	PA	66.0 ± 15.0	73.4
Huang et al. [33]	2016	Retrospective	China	Single	Medical ICU	Pneumonia	263	154	GPB & GNB	72.9 ± 14.1	62.3
Cillóniz et al. [14]	2016	Prospective	Spain	Single	Hospital clinic	CAP	77	22	PA	71.4 ± 14.6	84.4
Tedja et al. [34]	2014	Retrospective	USA	Single	Medical, surgical, cardiovascular, coronary, and neurologic ICU	VAP	107	49	GPB & GNB	62.0 ± 14.0	55.0
Özgür et al. [35]	2014	Retrospective	Turkey	Single	Medical, surgical, adult ICU	VAP	134	34	AB	53.2 ± 21.0	59.0
Gross et al. [15]	2014	Retrospective	USA	Single	Academic medical center	CAP or HCAP	521	20	GPB & GNB	65.0 (52.0, 79.0)	44.5
Wang et al. [37]	2013	Prospective	China	Single	Tertiary teaching hospital	HAP	102	24	MRSA	74.9 ± 12.4	64.7
Zheng et al. [36]	2013	Retrospective	China	Single	Hospital affiliated to a university	Pneumonia	242	97	AB	61.4 ± 9.8	54.9
Seligman et al. [38]	2013	Retrospective	Brazil	Single	Tertiary care teaching hospital	HAP	140	59	GPB & GNB	63.0 ± 14.4	70.0
Hamet et al. [39]	2012	Prospective	France	Single	ICU	VAP	323	90	GPB & GNB	63.4 ± 15.2	66.9
Shi et al. [40]	2010	Prospective	China	Single	Hospital affiliated to a university	Pneumonia	475	57	GNB	42.6 ± 11.3	89.7
Depuydt et al. [41]	2008	Prospective	Belgium	Single	Medical and surgical ICU	VAP	192	52	GPB & GNB	59.4 ± 16.1	71.9
Nseir and Ader [42]	2006	Prospective	France	Single	ICU	AECOPD	788	69	GPB & GNB	66.2 ± 11.9	76.8

^aMean ± SD or median (IQR); MDR: multidrug resistance; MDROs: multidrug-resistant organisms; no.: number; ICU: intensive care unit; CAP: community-acquired pneumonia; HAP: hospital-acquired pneumonia; VAP: ventilator-associated pneumonia; HDAP: hemodialysis-associated pneumonia; ICUAP: intensive care unit-acquired pneumonia; HCAP: healthcare-associated pneumonia; AECOPD: acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GNB: Gram-negative bacteria; GPB and GNB: Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria; EB: Enterobacteriaceae; PA: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; SA: Staphylococcus aureus; SP: Streptococcus pneumoniae; MRSA: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; AB: Acinetobacter baumannii.