Predictors of COVID-19 Infection: A Prevalence Study of Hospitalized Patients
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of patients in the COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 groups.
Variables
Total (n = 218)
COVID-19 (n = 96)
Non-COVID-19 (n = 122)
OR
95% CI
value
Demographics
Age (years)
48 (32–62)
53 (40–62)
39 (31–61)
—
—
<0.001
Sex (male%)
121 (55.5%)
59 (61.5%)
62 (50.8%)
0.65
0.38–1.12
0.117
BMI (kg/m2)
23.52 ± 3.42
24.21 ± 3.51
23.00 ± 3.27
—
—
0.011
Epidemiology
Exposure
139 (63.8%)
80 (83.3%)
59 (48.4%)
5.34
2.81–10.16
<0.001
Comorbidities
Hypertension
53 (24.3%)
38 (39.6%)
15 (12.3%)
4.67
2.37–9.20
<0.001
Diabetes
21 (9.6%)
11 (11.5%)
10 (8.2%)
1.45
0.59–3.57
0.418
CHD
12 (5.5%)
6 (6.2%)
6 (4.9%)
1.29
0.40–4.13
0.669
COPD
9 (4.1%)
3 (3.1%)
6 (4.9%)
0.62
0.15–2.56
0.509
Liver diseases
17 (7.8%)
14 (14.6%)
3 (2.5%)
6.77
1.89–24.32
0.001
CKD
7 (3.2%)
2 (2.1%)
5 (4.1%)
0.50
0.09–2.62
0.652
Cancers#
6 (2.8%)
2 (2.1%)
4 (3.3%)
0.63
0.11–3.50
0.906
Symptoms
Fever
187 (86.6%)
84 (87.5%)
103 (85.8%)
1.16
0.52–2.55
0.721
Cough
134 (61.5%)
62 (64.6%)
72 (59.0%)
1.27
0.73–2.20
0402
Expectoration
71 (32.6%)
30 (31.2%)
41 (33.6%)
0.90
0.51–1.59
0.712
Muscle pain
40 (18.3%)
20 (20.8%)
20 (16.4%)
1.34
0.68–2.67
0.400
Chill
19 (8.7%)
8 (8.3%)
11 (9.0%)
0.92
0.35–2.38
0.859
Rhinorrhea
44 (20.2%)
9 (9.4%)
35 (28.7%)
0.26
0.12–0.57
<0.001
Sore throat
33 (15.1%)
7 (7.3%)
26 (21.3%)
0.29
0.12–0.70
0.004
Headache
32 (14.7%)
12 (12.5%)
20 (16.4%)
0.73
0.34–1.58
0.420
Tachypnea
38 (17.4%)
22 (22.9%)
16 (13.1%)
1.97
0.97–4.00
0.058
Fatigue
38 (17.4%)
15 (15.6%)
23 (18.9%)
0.80
0.39–1.63
0.533
Abdominal pain
5 (2.3%)
1 (1.0%)
4 (3.3%)
0.31
0.03–2.82
0.273
Diarrhea
12 (5.5%)
4 (4.2%)
8 (6.6%)
0.62
0.18–2.12
0.442
Hemoptysis
3 (1.4%)
1 (1.0%)
2 (1.6%)
0.63
0.56–7.07
>0.050
Hypoxia ξ
18 (8.3%)
16 (16.7%)
2 (1.7%)
11.8
2.64–52.73
<0.001
Chest CT image
GGOs
91 (41.7%)
51 (53.1%)
40 (32.8%)
2.32
1.34–4.03
0.003
Consolidations
105 (48.2%)
70 (72.9%)
35 (28.7%)
6.68
3.68–12.16
<0.001
Involvement of pneumonia
—
—
<0.001
Without
52 (23.9%)
3 (3.1%)
49 (40.2%)
Unilateral
64 (29.4%)
5 (5.2%)
59 (48.4%)
Bilateral
102 (46.8%)
88 (91.7%)
14 (11.5%)
Liver disease included chronic hepatitis B and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. #Cancers involved the lung (n = 1), breast (n = 1), and colon (n = 1) in the COVID-19 group while for the non-COVID-19 group, lung (n = 3) and liver cancer (n = 1) were present. ξOxygen saturation < 95%. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, median (Q1-Q3), or number (percent). The group comparison was performed by Student’s t-test, Mann–Whitney’s U test, or chi-square test. ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: body mass index; CHD: coronary heart disease; CI: confidence interval; CK: creatine kinase; CKD: chronic kidney disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP: C-reactive protein; CT: computed tomography; diabetes: diabetes mellitus requiring treatment; GGO: ground-glass opacity; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; OR : odds ratio.
