ERC-BiP Functional Protein Pathway for Assessing Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Induced by SARS-CoV-2 Replication after Cell Invasion

Figure 4

SARS-CoV-2 invades cells and induces endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial stress mechanisms. ERC-BiP: endoplasmic reticulum chaperonin-BiP; HSP: heat shock protein; UPR: unfolded protein response; TCA: tricarboxylic acid cycle; SM: sphingomyelin; Cer: ceramide acid; ER: endoplasmic reticulum.