|
Case | Author | Year (reference) | Age (years) | Sex | Comorbidities | Dose of vaccination | Initial symptoms | Time (symptoms to diagnosis of myocarditis) | Pneumonia | LVEF (%) | PE | LVWT | Arrhythmia | CMR | Biopsy findings | Catecholamine | Antiviral treatment | Immunomodulatory therapy | MCS | Duration of MCS use (days) | Cardiac recovery | Outcome |
|
1 | Noone et al. | 2022 [8] | 38 | F | None | 0 | Cold-like symptoms and relapsing syncope | 5 | No | <20 | Yes | Yes | None | — | — | Yes | — | — | VA-ECMO Impella CP | 8 | Fully | Alive |
2 | Hoang et al. | 2022 [9] | 42 | F | ND | 3 | Chest pain, dyspnea, lethargy, and fever | 8 | No | 25 | No | No | VF | — | — | No | No | No | VA-ECMO | 7 | Fully | Alive |
3 | De Smet et al. | 2022 [10] | 25 | M | None | 2 | Fever, abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea | 6 | No | Moderately decreased LVEF | Yes | No | None | Moderately dilated left ventricle with moderately reduced systolic function, increased myocardial extracellular volume by T1-mapping, no focal myocardial LGE | — | Yes | No | Corticosteroid IVIG | No | — | Fully | Alive |
4 | Usui et al. | 2022 [11] | 44 | F | None | 0 | Chest pain | 5 | No | 10 | Yes | Yes | None | Diffuse oedematous wall thickening with high signal intensity in T2-weighted images, LGE in the basal to the apical inferolateral mid-myocardial wall | — | Yes | Remdesivir | Corticosteroid baricitinib | VA-ECMO Impella CP | 10 | Fully | Alive |
5 | Ardiana and Aditya | 2022 [12] | 40 | M | None | ND | Chest pain | 3 | No | ND | Yes | Yes | CAVB | — | — | Yes | No | — | IABP | 6 | Fully | Alive |
6 | Ya’Qoub et al. | 2022 [13] | 30 | M | ND | ND | Heart failure symptoms | ND | ND | 10 | ND | ND | VF | — | — | ND | — | — | VA-ECMO | — | ND | ND |
7 | Ajello et al. | 2022 [14] | 49 | M | None | ND | Fever and dyspnea | 4 | No | 10 | No | ND | ND | Diffuse increase of native T2 and native T1, no LGE | Lymphomonocytic inflammatory infiltrates with cardiomyocytes necrosis | Yes | No | No | Impella CP/5.0/RP | 10 | Fully | Alive |
8 | Asakura et al. | 2022 [15] | 49 | M | None | ND | Chest pain | 6 | No | <20 | No | Yes | None | Mild LGE on the epicardial side of the inferior wall of the heart base, mild high signal on T2-weighted MRI of the same area, mild high signal on T1-weighted MRI, mild fibrosis, and edema-like changes | Mild myocyte hypertrophy, some subendocardial fibrosis, and scattered cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3)-positive T cells | Yes | No | Methylprednisolone | Impella 5.0 | 10 | Fully | Alive |
9 | Nakatani et al. | 2022 [16] | 49 | M | None | 1 | Sore throat, chill, and fever | 4 | Yes | <20 | ND | Yes | None | — | Mild lymphocytic infiltration and moderate to severe perivascular fibrosis with wall thickening of intramural arterioles | Yes | No | Methylprednisolone, IVIG | ECMO | 5 | — | Dead |
10 | Callegari et al. | 2022 [17] | 15 | M | None | ND | Reduced appetite, gastroenteritis, mild dyspnoea, and dizziness | 13 | No | 20 | Yes | No | VT | No myocardial oedema or myocardial contrast enhancement | The histological results were not consistent with an acute/chronic lymphocytic, eosinophilic, or giant-cell myocarditis, or dilated cardiomyopathy | Yes | No | No | No | — | Fully | Alive |
11 | Phan et al. | 2022 [18] | 9 | M | None | ND | Fever, cough, and sore throat | 4 | No | 18 | ND | ND | None | — | — | Yes | No | Dexamethasone | VA-ECMO | 10 | Fully | Alive |
12 | Carrasco-Molina et al. | 2022 [19] | 36 | M | ND | ND | Dyspnea and chest pain | 7 | No | 30 | No | No | None | Myocardial inflammation | Lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate (35 CD3+/mm2 lymphocytes), without myocyte necrosis or fibrosis | Yes | No | Methylprednisolone | No | — | Fully | Alive |
13 | Kohli et al. | 2022 [20] | 15 | F | None | ND | Headache, vomiting, and fatigue | 1 | No | 20 (LVSF) | No | No | AF | — | — | Yes | — | Methylprednisolone, IVIG, and anakinra | No | — | LVSF 34% | Alive |
14 | Bhardwaj et al. | 2022 [21] | 22 | M | ND | 0 | ND | ND | ND | 25 | ND | ND | PEA | — | — | ND | Remdesivir | Steroid | VA-ECMO | 5 | Fully | Alive |
15 | Bhardwaj et al. | 2022 [21] | 53 | F | ND | 0 | ND | ND | ND | 5 | ND | ND | None | — | — | ND | Remdesivir | Steroid | VA-ECMO | 9 | LVEF 45% | Alive |
16 | Bhardwaj et al. | 2022 [21] | 28 | F | ND | 0 | ND | ND | ND | 36 | ND | ND | PEA | — | — | ND | Remdesivir | Steroid, IVIG, and tocilizumab | VA-ECMO | 5 | Fully | Dead |
17 | Bhardwaj et al. | 2022 [21] | 27 | F | ND | 0 | ND | ND | ND | 22 | ND | ND | None | — | — | ND | Remdesivir | Steroid and IVIG | VA-ECMO | 10 | Fully | Alive |
18 | Bhardwaj et al. | 2022 [21] | 46 | M | ND | 0 | ND | ND | ND | 8 | ND | ND | None | — | — | ND | Remdesivir | Steroid and IVIG | VA-ECMO | 6 | LVEF 30% | Dead |
19 | Bhardwaj et al. | 2022 [21] | 68 | M | ND | 0 | ND | ND | ND | 20 | ND | ND | None | — | — | ND | No | Steroid | VA-ECMO | 2 | ND | Alive |
20 | Bhardwaj et al. | 2022 [21] | 26 | F | ND | 1 | ND | ND | ND | 10 | ND | ND | PEA | — | — | ND | No | Steroid | VA-ECMO | 9 | Fully | Alive |
21 | Bhardwaj et al. | 2022 [21] | 66 | M | ND | 0 | ND | ND | ND | 10 | ND | ND | VT, VF | — | — | ND | No | Steroid | VA-ECMO | 8 | Fully | Alive |
22 | Bhardwaj et al. | 2022 [21] | 24 | M | ND | 0 | ND | ND | ND | 15 | ND | ND | VF | — | — | ND | No | Steroid | VA-ECMO | 7 | Fully | Alive |
23 | Mejia et al. | 2022 [22] | 17 | F | ND | ND | ND | — | No | ND | ND | Yes | None | — | — | ND | No | No | VA-ECMO | 10 | ND | Alive |
24 | Rajpal et al. | 2022 [23] | 60 | F | Asthma | ND | Fatigue, shortness of breath, and palpitations | 9 | No | <15 | Yes | Yes | VT | Diffuse hyperintensity on T2 mapping | Scattered perivascular and interstitial inflammatory cells consisting of CD3-positive T-lymphocytes, CD20 positive B-lymphocytes, and histiocytes, along with interstitial and myocyte injury | Yes | No | Methylprednisolone | VA-ECMO | 10 | Fully | Alive |
25 | Buitrago et al. | 2022 [24] | 12 | F | None | ND | Headache, neck pain, nausea, diarrhea, and lethargy | 2 | No | Reduced | No | No | PVC/VT | — | Severe myocarditis without signs of viral infection with severe and diffuse accumulation of CD3 positive T cells | Yes | No | Methylprednisone | VA-ECMO | 7 | Stable | Alive |
26 | Thomson et al. | 2022 [25] | 39 | F | Ovarian disease | 0 | Diarrhoea, vomiting, and abdominal pain | 3 | No | Near ventricular standstill | Yes | Yes | PEA | — | Mild interstitial infiltrate consisting mostly of CD68+ macrophages along with a lesser number of CD3+ T cells | Yes | No | Methylprednisolone, IVIG, and tocilizumab | VA-ECMO | 9 | — | Dead |
27 | Rodriguez Guerra et al. | 2022 [26] | 56 | M | HT and DM | ND | Syncope | <7 | No | ND | ND | ND | Long QT | — | — | Yes | No | No | No | 1 | — | Dead |
28 | Verma et al. | 2022 [27] | 48 | F | ND | ND | Shortness of breath and chest pressure | 5 | No | 15 | Yes | Yes | None | — | Cardiomyocyte damage with prominent macrophage infiltrates. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 in cardiomyocyte is confirmed by RNA scope detecting SARS-CoV-2 spike S antisense strain | Yes | Remdesivir | Methylprednisolone and tocilizumab | VA-ECMO Impella CP | 13 | Fully | Alive |
29 | Edwards et al. | 2022 [28] | 10 months | M | Trisomy 18p, monosomy of 8p, and a small conoventricular ventricular septal defect | ND | Upper respiratory symptoms and fever | 4 | No | Severely diminished | Yes | Yes | None | T2 weighted imaging demonstrated significantly increased myocardial to skeletal muscle signal intensity | — | Yes | Remdesivir | Dexamethasone and IVIG | VA-ECMO | 8 | Fully | Alive |
30 | Aldeghaither et al. | 2022 [29] | 39 | F | None | ND | Fever, dyspnea, chest pain, and diarrhea | 28 | No | 10–15 | Yes | No | None | — | Eosinophilic infiltrate of the myocardium | Yes | No | Methylprednisolone | VA-ECMO Impella CP RVAD | 9 | LVEF of 30–35% | Alive |
31 | Aldeghaither et al. | 2022 [29] | 25 | M | None | ND | Dyspnea, fever, and hypotension | 35 | No | 15–20 | ND | ND | None | — | Mixed inflammatory cells with some eosinophils | Yes | No | Corticosteroid, IVIG, and anakinra | Impella CP | 5 | LVEF of 35–40% | Alive |
32 | Aldeghaither et al. | 2022 [29] | 21 | M | ND | ND | Dyspnea and fever | 28 | No | 5–10 | ND | ND | None | — | Lymphocytic infiltrate | Yes | No | Methylprednisolone, IVIG, and anakinra | VA-ECMO Impella CP | 3 | LVEF of 45–50% | Alive |
33 | Valiton et al. | 2022 [30] | 52 | F | Raynaud syndrome | ND | Shortness of breath, chest pain, and dizziness | 3 | No | 25 | Yes | Yes | None | — | Thrombotic microangiopathy of the coronary capillaries with endothelial cell activation (endothelitis) characterized by enlarged nuclei and capillary thrombosis | Yes | No | Dexamethasone | Impella CP | 6 | Fully | Alive |
34 | Ismayl et al. | 2022 [31] | 53 | M | None | ND | Fever and upper respiratory symptoms | 35 | No | 25 | ND | ND | ND | — | Diffuse interstitial and perivascular neutrophilic and lymphocytic infiltration with rare eosinophils and rare myocyte necrosis | Yes | No | Steroids | VA-ECMO Impella CP | 5 | Fully | Alive |
35 | Yalcinkaya et al. | 2022 [32] | 29 | M | ND | 0 | Chest pain | ND | ND | Reduced ejection fraction | ND | ND | ND | Left ventricular apical thrombus, myocardial edema | Eosinophilic myocarditis | Yes | No | ND | No | — | ND | Alive |
36 | Nagata et al. | 2022 [33] | 13 | M | None | ND | Fever and malaise, nausea, and watery diarrhea | 20 | No | 20 | ND | ND | IRBBB | — | — | Yes | No | Prednisolone and IVIG | No | — | ND | Alive |
37 | Nishioka and Hoshino | 2022 [34] | 15 | M | None | ND | Fever, fatigue, and abdominal pain | 2 | No | 25 | Yes | ND | CAVB, prolonged QT interval, NSVT | — | — | Yes | No | No | VA-ECMO | 2 | LVEF 45% | Alive |
38 | Shahrami et al. | 2022 [35] | 7 | M | ND | ND | Dyspnea | 10 | Yes | 25 | No | No | AF | — | — | Yes | Hydroxychloroquine | Dexamethasone and IVIG | — | — | LVEF 45% | Dead |
39 | Menger et al. | 2022 [36] | 4 | F | Obesity | ND | Respiratory distress | 7 | Yes | ND | ND | ND | ND | — | The posterior wall of the heart showed small-spot fading | Yes | Remdesivir and bamlanivimab | Dexamethasone | VA-ECMO | 17 | — | Dead |
40 | Vannella et al. | 2021 [37] | 26 | M | None | ND | Chest pressure, shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, and chills | 7 | No | <10 | ND | ND | SVT | — | Myocardial necrosis surrounded by cytotoxic T-cells and tissue-repair macrophages | Yes | — | — | VA-ECMO | — | — | Dead |
41 | Gozar et al. | 2021 [38] | 3 days | F | No | No | Arrhythmia | 2 | No | 30 | Yes | ND | VT | — | — | Yes | — | Dexamethasone and IVIG | No | — | Fully | Alive |
42 | Shen et al. | 2021 [39] | 43 | M | No | ND | Fever and abdominal pain | 49 | No | 20–25 | ND | ND | None | Diffuse myocardial oedema without delayed myocardial enhancement | — | Yes | No | IVIG | IABP | 4 | Fully | Alive |
43 | Ishikura et al. | 2021 [40] | 35 | M | No | ND | Fever and general weakness | 21 | No | 7.4 | ND | ND | None | — | — | Yes | Yes (details unknown) | Steroid and IVIG | VA-ECMO IABP | 7 | Fully | Alive |
44 | Saha et al. | 2021 [41] | 25 days | F | Sepsis | No | Fever | 17 | No | 40 | Yes | No | Cardiac arrest | — | — | Yes | No | Methylprednisolone and IVIG | No | — | LVEF 65% | Alive |
45 | Yeleti et al. | 2021 [42] | 25 | M | None | ND | Fever, abdominal pain, fatigue, and vomiting | 120 | No | 5–10 | Yes | No | VT | Transmural late gadolinium enhancement of basal-mid anterolateral and inferolateral segments | Lymphocytic myocarditis | ND | Remdesivir convalescent plasma | Methylprednisolone | Bilateral Impellas VA-ECMO | 3 | Normal | Alive |
46 | Gurin et al. | 2021 [43] | 26 | M | ND | ND | Fevers, chills, headache, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea | 7 | Yes | 20 | Yes | No | None | — | Interstitial edema and inflammatory infiltrate consisting predominantly of interstitial macrophages with scant T-lymphocytes | Yes | — | Solumedrol and IVIG | No | — | LVEF 75% | Alive |
47 | Fiore et al. | 2021 [44] | 45 | M | None | ND | Shortness of breath, confusion, and asthenia | 5 | Yes | 25 | No | No | None | Severe impairment of biventricular global function associated with higher values of T1 and T2 mapping, in the absence of late gadolinium enhancement | Mild lymphohistiocytic inflammatory infiltrate without myocardial necrosis | Yes | Hydroxychloroquine | Anakinra | IABP | 7 | LVEF 55% | Alive |
48 | Bemtgen et al. | 2021 [45] | 18 | M | None | ND | Fever, chills, and tachycardia | 14 | No | 25 | Yes | No | None | — | Significant infiltration of immune cells (CD68+ macrophages and CD3+ T cells) | Yes | — | Dexamethasone, IVIG, and anakinra | VA-ECMO Impella | 7 | Fully | Alive |
49 | Tseng et al. | 2021 [46] | 5 | M | None | No | Fatigue and vomiting | 1 | No | ND | ND | ND | VT | — | — | Yes | — | Methylprednisolone and IVIG | VA-ECMO | 5 | ND | Alive |
50 | Gaudriot et al. | 2021 [47] | 38 | M | Chronic lymphopenia | ND | Chest pain and vomiting | 28 | Yes | 25 | Yes | Yes | IRBBB | T2 sequences showed diffuse hyperintense myocardium. Late gadolinium enhancement images demonstrated massive, heterogeneous, and predominantly subepicardial enhancement of the left ventricular myocardium | Myocardial necrosis, suppurated lesions, and lymphocytic infiltration | Yes | — | Antilymphocyte serum, corticosteroids, and mycophenolate mofetil (after heart transplantation) | VA-ECMO Impella | 8 | Not recovered | Alive (heart transplantation) |
51 | Menter et al. | 2021 [48] | 47 | F | Obesity | ND | Unconscious and apneic | 7 | Yes | 30 | ND | No | VF | — | Mild diffuse necrotizing myocarditis accompanied by extensive thrombotic microangiopathy of cardiac capillaries | Yes | No | No | No | — | No | Dead |
52 | Ghafoor et al. | 2021 [49] | 54 | F | HT, obesity, and heart failure | ND | Dyspnea, nausea, and vomiting | 7 | No | 10–15 | No | No | PEA | — | — | Yes | No | No | VA-ECMO | ND | — | Dead |
53 | Okor et al. | 2021 [50] | 72 | F | HT and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | ND | Shortness of breath | 7 | ND | 20 | Yes | No | None | — | — | Yes | No | Methylprednisolone | No | — | LVEF 50% | Dead |
54 | Tomlinson et al. | 2021 [51] | 13 | M | None | ND | Fever, listlessness, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhoea, headache, and rash | — | No | 53 | ND | ND | Ectopic wandering atrial pacemaker | — | — | Yes | No | No | No | — | — | Alive |
55 | Sampaio et al. | 2021 [52] | 45 | M | None | ND | Dyspnea, fever, myalgia, and postural hypotension | 7 | Yes | Normal | Yes | No | Asystole | — | — | Yes | Convalescent plasma | Methylprednisolone, IVIG, and tocilizumab | VA-ECMO | 9 | Fully | Alive |
56 | Apostolidou et al. | 2021 [53] | 7 | F | Late preterm birth, central hypothyroidism, failure to thrive, and recurrent respiratory tract infections | ND | Headache, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, and vomiting | 3 | Yes | Fractional shortening 10% | Yes | No | None | — | Acute lymphocytic myocarditis | Yes | Remdesivir convalescent plasma, and interferon-γ | Methylprednisolone, anakinra and extracorporeal hemadsorption | VA-ECMO Impella | 21 | — | Dead |
57 | Kallel et al. | 2021 [54] | 26 | M | None | ND | Diarrhea, vomiting, fever, fatigue, and weakness | 8 | Yes | 30 | Yes | No | None | Normal (7 weeks after the treatment) | — | Yes | No | No | No | — | LVEF 55% | Alive |
58 | Bulbul et al. | 2021 [55] | 49 | F | None | ND | Cough and shortness of breath | 7 | Yes | 25 | ND | ND | None | — | — | Yes | Hydroxychloroquine, oseltamivir, lopinavir, and ritonavir | Methylprednisolone, IVIG, and tocilizumab | VA-ECMO | 7 | LVEF 50% | Alive |
59 | Gauchotte et al. | 2021 [56] | 69 | M | HT, DM, and ischemic heart disease | ND | Fever, asthenia, and abdominal pain | 7 | No | 20 | Yes | ND | ND | — | Abundant myocardium edema and interstitial inflammation, showing a predominance of mononucleated leucocytes, associated with cardiomyocytes dystrophies | Yes | No | No | VA-ECMO | — | — | Dead |
60 | Gulersen et al. | 2021 [57] | 31 | F | Pregnant | ND | Cough, myalgias, and diarrhea | 7 | No | ND | Yes | ND | None | Normal cardiac function (not mentioned about myocarditis) | — | Yes | No | Dexamethasone and IVIG | No | — | Normal | Alive |
61 | Rasras et al. | 2021 [58] | 47 | F | None | ND | Dyspnea and leg pain | 21 | Yes | 10 | ND | ND | ND | — | — | Yes | No | Methylprednisolone | No | — | LVEF 30% | Alive |
62 | Purdy et al. | 2021 [59] | 53 | M | None | ND | Cough, fever, and shortness of breath | 35 | No | 25 | No | No | None | — | — | Yes | Hydroxychloroquine | Methylprednisolone | No | — | LVEF 60% | Alive |
63 | Purdy et al. | 2021 [59] | 30 | F | Obesity | ND | Fatigue and shortness of breath | 9 | Yes | 45 | Yes | ND | None | — | — | Yes | Hydroxychloroquine | Methylprednisolone | No | — | LVEF 55% | Alive |
64 | Sivalokanathan et al. | 2021 [60] | 37 | M | None | ND | Fever, diarrhea, and dizziness | 30 | Yes | 21 | Yes | ND | None | Left ventricular wall thickening, inhomogeneity of T1/T2 mapping values, and patchy non-infarct pattern late gadolinium enhancement in the inferolateral and apical septal walls | — | Yes | No | Hydrocortisone and IVIG | No | — | LVEF 70% | Alive |
65 | Ruiz et al. | 2021 [61] | 35 | F | Systemic sclerosis | ND | Generalized malaise, fever, and cough | 5 | Yes | <10 | No | No | PEA | Myocarditis (no detail) | — | Yes | Remdesivir | Methylprednisolone and IVIG | Bilateral impellas | 14 | LVEF 60% | Alive |
66 | Papageorgiou et al. | 2021 [62] | 43 | M | Mixed connective tissue disease | ND | Fever, cough, and chest pain | 4 | No | 10–15 | Yes | No | None | — | No evidence of myocarditis | Yes | No | Hydrocortisone | VA-ECMO Impella CP | 7 | Normal | Alive |
67 | Ciuca et al. | 2021 [63] | 6 | M | None | ND | Fever | 5 | Yes | 48 | Yes | No | None | Myocardial interstitial edema in T1/T2 mapping | — | Yes | Hydroxychloroquine | Dexamethasone and IVIG | No | — | Fully | Alive |
68 | Garau et al. | 2021 [64] | 18 | F | None | ND | Nausea and vomiting | 1 | No | 10 | Yes | Yes | None | Late gadolinium enhancement in basal to midinferior and inferoseptal segments | A low density of inflammatory cells without myocyte degeneration or necrosis | Yes | Hydroxychloroquine | Methylprednisolone and IVIG | VA-ECMO IABP | 17 | LVEF 48% | Alive |
69 | Hékimian et al. | 2021 [65] | 40 | M | Obesity and DM | ND | Dyspnea and asthenia | 2 | Yes | 45 | ND | ND | None | — | — | Yes | ND | No | VA-ECMO VV-ECMO | 8 | LVEF 60% | Alive |
70 | Hékimian et al. | 2021 [65] | 19 | F | None | ND | Fever, dyspnea, and cough | 9 | Yes | 30 | ND | ND | None | — | — | Yes | ND | No | VV-ECMO | 15 | LVEF 50% | Alive |
71 | Hékimian et al. | 2021 [65] | 22 | M | Obesity, DM, and asthma | ND | Fever, dyspnea, cough, and asthenia | 1 | Yes | 30 | ND | ND | None | — | — | No | ND | No | VV-ECMO | 5 | LVEF 60% | Alive |
72 | Hékimian et al. | 2021 [65] | 19 | M | None | ND | Fever, headache, diarrhea, dyspnea, and asthenia | 4 | No | 15 | ND | ND | None | — | — | Yes | ND | No | No | — | LVEF 60% | Alive |
73 | Hékimian et al. | 2021 [65] | 16 | M | None | ND | Fever, anosmia, abdominal pain, rash, conjunctivitis, strawberry tongue, chest pain, asthenia, and adenopathy | 7 | Yes | 20 | ND | ND | None | — | — | Yes | ND | IVIG | No | — | LVEF 45% | Alive |
74 | Hékimian et al. | 2021 [65] | 17 | M | Aortic regurgitation | ND | Fever, headache, abdominal pain, diarrhea, dyspnea, asthenia, and conjunctivitis | 4 | No | 20 | ND | ND | None | — | — | Yes | ND | Corticosteroid and IVIG | No | — | LVEF 50% | Alive |
75 | Hékimian et al. | 2021 [65] | 17 | F | None | ND | Chest pain and dyspnea | 1 | No | 20 | ND | ND | VT, cardiac arrest | — | — | Yes | ND | Corticosteroid and IVIG | VA-ECMO | — | No | Dead |
76 | Milla-Godoy et al. | 2021 [66] | 45 | F | Obesity | ND | Diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting | 4 | Yes | 10 | No | ND | Asystole | — | — | Yes | — | Methylprednisolone and IVIG | No | — | No | Dead |
77 | Hu et al. | 2021 [67] | 37 | M | ND | ND | Chest pain, dyspnea, and diarrhea | 3 | Yes | 27 | Yes | ND | None | — | — | Yes | No | Methylprednisoloneand IVIG | No | — | LVEF 66% | Alive |
78 | Marcinkiewicz et al. | 2021 [68] | 20 | M | None | ND | Fever and dyspnea | 42 | ND | 15 | No | Yes | None | Myocardial signal was globally increased on T2-weighted imaging. Delayed late gadolinium imaging showed diffuse fibrosis in the anteroseptal and inferior walls | — | ND | No | No | VA-ECMO IABP | 6 | LVEF 69% | Alive |
79 | Gay et al. | 2020 [69] | 56 | M | Obesity, HL | ND | Dyspnea and lethargy | 1 | Yes | <5 | Yes | Yes | ND | — | — | ND | — | Methylprednisolone and tocilizumab | VA-ECMO Impella 2.5/5.0 ProtekDuo | 12 | LVEF 65% | Alive |
80 | Jacobs et al. | 2020 [70] | 48 | M | HT | ND | Fever, diarrhea, cough, dysosmia, and dyspnea | 7 | Yes | ND | No | Yes | ND | — | Hypertrophic cardiac tissue with patchy muscular, sometimes perivascular, and slightly diffuse interstitial mononuclear inflammatory infiltrates, dominated by lymphocytes | Yes | No | — | VA-ECMO | — | No | Dead |
81 | Lozano Gomez et al. | 2020 [71] | 53 | M | None | ND | Fever and dyspnea | 10 | No | 10 | ND | ND | AF | — | — | Yes | No | No | No | — | No | Dead |
82 | Tiwary et al. | 2020 [72] | 30 | M | HT, DM, chronic kidney disease, glaucoma, and obesity | ND | Abdominal flank pain and shortness of breath | ND | Yes | ND | Yes | ND | LBBB | — | — | Yes | Remdesivir and convalescent plasma | Dexamethasone | No | — | ND | Alive |
83 | Othenin-Girard et al. | 2020 [73] | 22 | M | None | ND | Asthenia, chills, diffuse myalgia, abdominal pain, and diarrhea | 5 | No | ND | Yes | ND | CAVB | — | A severe myocardial inflammation with several foci of myocyte necrosis | Yes | — | Methylprednisolone, IVIG, tocilizumab, and cyclophosphamide | VA-ECMO | 5 | Recovered but not in detail | Alive |
84 | Albert et al. | 2020 [74] | 49 | M | None | ND | Fevers, myalgias, and dyspnea | 14 | No | 20 | ND | Yes | None | — | Mild infiltration of mononuclear cells in the endocardium and myocardium with >14 inflammatory cells per mm2 indicating myocarditis | Yes | No | Methylprednisolone and IVIG | VA-ECMO Impella CP | 4 | Normal | Alive |
85 | Salamanca et al. | 2020 [75] | 44 | M | None | ND | Dyspnea and syncope | 7 | Yes | 15 | Yes | No | CAVB | Diffuse edema with slightly less involvement of the inferolateral wall on T2 weighted image. T1 mapping with diffuse increase of native T1 | Isolated interstitial infiltrate with lymphocytes CD3+ | Yes | No | No | VA-ECMO IABP | 6 | LVEF 75% | Alive |
86 | Khatri and Wallach | 2020 [76] | 50 | M | HT and ischemic stroke | ND | Fevers, chills, generalized malaise, nonproductive cough, and dyspnea | 4 | Yes | ND | Yes | ND | None | — | — | Yes | Hydroxychloroquine and methylene blue | Methylprednisolone and IVIG | No | — | No | Dead |
87 | Bernal-Torres et al. | 2020 [77] | 38 | F | None | ND | Palpitation and general malaise | 3 | Yes | 30 | Yes | ND | None | Inflammatory manifestations | — | Yes | Hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir, and ritonavir | Methylprednisolone and IVIG | No | — | LVEF 60% | Alive |
88 | Chitturi et al. | 2020 [78] | 65 | F | HT, DM, HL, obesity, transient ischaemic attack, and breast cancer | ND | Fever, cough, and shortness of breath | 14 | Yes | 25 | Yes | No | None | — | — | Yes | No | Hydrocortisone and tocilizumab | No | — | LVEF 64% | Alive |
89 | Zeng et al. | 2020 [79] | 63 | M | Allergic cough | ND | Fever, shortness of breath, and chest tightness | ND | Yes | 32 | No | ND | ND | — | — | Yes | Lopinavir and ritonavir | Methylprednisolone, IVIG, and interferon α-1b | VA-ECMO | — | LVEF 68% | Dead |
90 | Singhavi et al. | 2020 [80] | 20 | M | None | ND | Fever | 1 | No | 30 | No | Yes | ND | — | — | Yes | ND | Methylprednisolone | No | — | ND | Alive |
91 | Naneishvili et al. | 2020 [81] | 44 | F | None | ND | Fever, lethargy, muscle aches, and syncope | 3 | Yes | 37 | Yes | Yes | AF | — | — | Yes | No | Methylprednisolone | No | — | Normal | Alive |
92 | Chao et al. | 2020 [82] | 49 | M | None | ND | Fever and cough | ND | Yes | 40 | No | No | RBBB | — | — | Yes | Hydroxychloroquine | Tocilizumab | VV-ECMO | 12 | LVEF 55% | Alive |
93 | Yan et al. | 2020 [83] | 44 | F | Obesity | ND | Fever, cough, and dyspnea | 7 | Yes | 40 | No | No | None | — | Mild myxoid edema, mild myocyte hypertrophy, and focal nuclear pyknosis. Rare foci with few scattered CD45+ lymphocytes | Yes | Hydroxychloroquine | Tocilizumab | No | — | ND | Dead |
94 | Kesici et al. | 2020 [84] | 2 | M | None | ND | Nausea, vomiting, and poor oral intake | ND | Yes | ND | Yes | No | None | — | — | Yes | ND | ND | VA-ECMO | — | — | Dead |
95 | Garot et al. | 2020 [85] | 18 | M | None | ND | Cough, fever, fatigue, and myalgias | ND | Yes | 30 | Yes | Yes | None | Strated nodular subepicardial enhancement of the LV basal posterolateral wall on late gadolinium enhancement images | — | Yes | Hydroxychloroquine | No | No | — | LVEF 54% | Alive |
96 | Coyle et al. | 2020 [86] | 57 | M | HT | ND | Shortness of breath, fevers, cough, myalgias, decreased appetite, nausea, and diarrhea | 7 | Yes | 35–40 | No | No | None | Diffuse biventricular and biatrial edema with a small area of late gadolinium enhancement | — | Yes | Hydroxychloroquine and AT-001 (caficrestat) | Methylprednisolone and tocilizumab | No | — | LVEF 82% | Alive |
97 | Richard et al. | 2020 [87] | 28 | F | DM, asthma, depression, and intravenous drug use | ND | Lethargy | ND | Yes | 26–30 | Yes | Yes | RBBB | Myocardial necrosis, fibrosis, and hyperemia, indicating myocarditis | — | Yes | No | Methylprednisolone | Impella | 4 | LVEF >55% | Alive |
98 | Pascariello et al. | 2020 [88] | 19 | M | Autistic spectrum disorder | ND | Fever, cough, diarrhea, and vomitting | 3 | Yes | 15–20 | ND | ND | None | — | — | Yes | Hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, and oseltamivir | Dexamethasone | No | — | LVEF 50% | Alive |
99 | Shah et al. | 2020 [89] | 19 | M | None | ND | Fever, generalized weakness, cough, and shortness of breath | 7 | Yes | 24 | No | No | None | — | — | Yes | Hydroxychloroquine | Methylprednisolone, IVIG, and tocilizumab | No | — | LVEF 62% | Alive |
100 | Veronese et al. | 2020 [90] | 51 | F | Thalassemia minor | ND | Fever, dyspnea, and palpitations | 10 | No | 30 | No | Yes | VT, RBBB | Short tau inversion recovery sequences revealed diffuse increased signal intensity suggestive of diffuse edema. Transmural late gadolinium enhancement involved LV basal-lateral and basal-inferior walls | Diffuse lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrates | Yes | No | Methylprednisolone | VA-ECMO IABP | 6 | Fully | Alive |
101 | Hussain et al. | 2020 [91] | 51 | M | HT | ND | Fever, cough, fatigue, and dyspnea | ND | Yes | 20 | No | No | None | — | — | Yes | Hydroxychloroquine | Methylprednisolone | No | — | Not recovered | Alive (ongoing treatment) |
102 | Gill et al. | 2020 [92] | 65 | F | HT, DM, and breast cancer | ND | Shortness of breath and chest pain | ND | Yes | 25 | No | No | None | — | — | Yes | — | — | IABP | — | No | Dead |
103 | Gill et al. | 2020 [92] | 34 | F | None | ND | Shortness of breath, chest pain, and weakness | ND | No | 20 | Yes | No | None | — | — | Yes | — | Methylprednisolone | VA-ECMO | 4 | LVEF 60% | Alive |
104 | Fried et al. | 2020 [93] | 64 | F | HT, HL | ND | Chest pressure | 2 | No | 30 | Yes | Yes | None | — | — | Yes | Hydroxychloroquine | No | IABP | 7 | LVEF 50% | Alive |
105 | Craver et al. | 2020 [94] | 17 | M | None | ND | Headache, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting | 2 | No | ND | ND | ND | Asystole | — | Diffuse inflammatory infiltrates composed of lymphocytes, macrophages, with prominent eosinophils | ND | — | — | — | — | — | Dead |
106 | Irabien-Ortiz et al. | 2020 [95] | 59 | F | HT, cervical degenerative arthropathy, chronic lumbar radiculopathy, lymph node tuberculosis, and migraine | ND | Fever and chest pain | 5 | No | Preserved | Yes | Yes | Asystole | — | — | Yes | IFN B, lopinavir, and ritonavir | Methylprednisolone and IVIG | VA-ECMO IABP | ND | Fully | Alive (ongoing treatment) |
107 | Tavazzi et al. | 2020 [96] | 69 | M | ND | ND | Dyspnoea, persistent cough, and weakness | 4 | Yes | 25 | No | No | ND | — | Low grade interstitial and endocardial inflammation | Yes | — | — | VA-ECMO IABP | 5 | Not recovered | Dead |
108 | Gomila-Grange et al. | 2020 [97] | 39 | M | ND | ND | Fever, right flank pain, and diarrhea | 6 | Yes | 20 | Yes | No | None | — | — | Yes | Hydroxychloroquine | Tocilizumab | No | — | Normal | Alive |
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