Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been used successfully in the therapy of leukemia and other hematological malignancies, as well as in the assistance of patients undergoing high doses of chemotherapy in solid organ tumors. In addition to this, new reports have described the use of HSCT in HIV treatment. However, performing HSCT requires immunosuppressive conditions that put the patient at risk of bacterial, fungal and viral infections, in most cases refractory to antibacterial, antiviral or antifungal therapy. Patients are also at risk of emergence of microorganisms non-previously identified. In addition, the selection of antimicrobial therapy is limited and depends on the critical condition of the patient.

In this context, infections in HSCT patients still represent a high morbidity and mortality rate, which highly compromises the success of the graft, as well as the patient's life.

In this Special Issue we welcome submissions including original research articles, clinical studies and reviews of the highest quality that contribute new knowledge and innovative methods to provide a better handling and approach to these patients.

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

• Pathogenesis of infectious agents in active infection and symptomatic infection in HSCT
• Advantages and disadvantages of new molecular and immunological methods, as well as MALDI-TOF, used for diagnosing infections in patients with HSCT
• New methods of treatment for infected patients undergoing HSCT
• Adoptive therapy for viral infection in HSCT
• Emerging pathogens in patients undergoing HSCT
• Emergence of antimicrobial, antifungal or antiviral resistance after antimicrobial therapy in HSCT
• HSCT in HIV as therapy