Preclinical Imaging Biomarkers for Postischaemic Neurovascular Remodelling

Figure 5

Frequency distribution of imaging modalities amongst papers retrieved through the literature search, with further distinction of the ischaemia induction models implemented. Magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography were the most common techniques employed for in vivo preclinical studies of postischaemic neurovasculature. Other modalities included one instance each of multiphoton luminescence, optical coherence tomography, ultrafast ultrasound localisation microscopy, synchrotron radiation phase contrast imaging, digital subtraction angiography, microcomputed tomography, red-green-blue reflectometry, single-photon emission computed tomography, functional ultrasound, laser scanning confocal microscopy, three-photon fluorescence microscopy, and two-photon laser scanning microscopy. The MCAo/CCAo model was used most commonly across all the imaging modalities. Open-skull intervention included craniotomy, thinning of the skull, and electrode or optic fibre implantation. MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; PET, positron emission tomography; LSI, laser speckle imaging; MRA, magnetic resonance angiography; PAM, photoacoustic microscopy; CTA, computed tomography angiography; 2P-PLM, two-photon phosphorescence lifetime microscopy; MCAo, middle cerebral artery occlusion; CCAo, common carotid artery occlusion.