| | Tissue | CAs and references | Remarks and added value of CE-CT |
| | Cartilage | (i) Anionic iodinated CA
(1) Ioxaglate/Hexabrix® [19–25]
(2) Iothalamate/Cysto-Conray® II [23, 26]
(3) Gadopentetate/Magnevist [24]
(ii) Cationic iodinated CA
(1) CA4+ [3, 23, 24, 27–35]
(2) CA1+ [23]
(3) CA2+ [23]
(iii) Nonionic iodinated CA
(1) Iopromide/Ultravist® [36]
(2) Iodixanol/Visipaque® [37]
(iv) PTA [38–41]
(v) Gadopentetate dimeglumine/Magnevist® [24, 42, 43]
(vi) Gd3+ [42]
(vii) Gadoteridol [35, 42]
(viii) Hf-WD POM [18] (Figure 1(a)) | Electrostatic interactions between anionic or cationic CAs and the GAGs in the cartilage enable quantification of GAG content
POM CAs bind to collagen, enabling structural analysis of the cartilage tissue and, in case of sufficiently high spatial resolution, imaging of individual chondrocytes |
| | Bone marrow compartment | Hf-WD POM [18] | Enables simultaneous visualization and structural quantification of adipocytes, vasculature, and mineralized tissues |
| | Muscle | PTA [13, 15, 17]
I2KI [13, 44, 45]
Hf-WD POM [18]
PMA [17]
HgCl2 [17]
Na2WO4 [17]
(NH4)2MoO4 [17] | PTA, PMA, I2KI, HgCl2, Na2WO4, and (NH4)2MoO4 have high osmolality compared to biological tissues, thus inducing tissue shrinkage |
| | Bone marrow adiposity | OsO4 [46, 47] | OsO4 is highly toxic and requires a two-step scanning protocol |
| | Tendons and ligaments | PTA [13, 17, 48, 49]
I2KI [49]
Imeron300 [50]
PMA [17, 48]
(NH4)2MoO4
Ba(ClO3)2 [17]
HgCl2 [17]
Na2WO4 [17]
BaCl2 [17] | Same remarks as for muscle tissue for PTA, I2KI, PMA, HgCl2, Na2WO4, (NH4)2MoO4, BaCl2, and Ba(ClO3)2 |
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