MnDPDP: Contrast Agent for Imaging and Protection of Viable Tissue

Figure 3

MnDPDP: metabolism and Mn²⁺ uptake and retention in excitable cells. (a) MnDPDP is metabolized in plasma, microcirculation, and interstitium by transmetallation, mainly with Zn²⁺, and by the action of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) before delivering Mn²⁺ and MnPLED for cellular uptake. (b) Mn²⁺ follows Ca²⁺ and electrochemical gradients into and out of cardiomyocytes. Lipid soluble MnPLED is able to enter cells as intact agent. IC Mn²⁺ retention for hours is caused by macromolecular binding, especially in protein-dense mitochondria, and by a slow efflux via bidirectional Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchangers (NCXs). Material derived from [29, 35–37].