Molecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging with Contrast Agents for Assessment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review

Table 1

A summary of molecular MR contrast agents.

NPs	Material	Core	Coating	Animal model	Target	Characteristics
MNPs	Ferumoxides [9]	Fe3O4	Dextran	DSS-induced colitis mice model	Macrophage (ex vivo cell labelling)	Adept for cell tracking
	SHU 555C [10]	Iron oxide	Carboxydextran	DNBS-induced colitis Lewis rat model	RES	Positive contrast in MNPs
	Nanotex [11]	Fe3O4	SLN	DSS-induced colitis mice model	RES	Drug loaded
	CN-ICG-IO [12]	Iron oxide	Casein	Healthy nude mice	Gastrointestinal mucosal	Oral administration
Gd-related NPs	Gd-FITC-SLN [13]	Gd-DTPA	SLN	AOM- and DSS-induced mice model	Colitis-associated colorectal intraepithelial neoplasia	Absorbed via colon mucosal membrane functionality
	Gd in chitosan nanoparticles [14]	Gd-DTPA	Chitosan	Healthy Sprague Dawley rats	Gastrointestinal mucosal	Absorbed via colon mucosal membrane functionality
	PEG-coated Gd in PBNPs [15]	Gd in PBNPs	PEG	Healthy rabbit	Gastrointestinal mucosal	Oral administration, PBNP increases absorptivity
PFC	PFC emulsion [16]	—	—	AOM- and DSS-induced mice model	Macrophage	Metal ions free, adept for cell tracking

AOM, azoxymethane; CN-ICG-IO, casein-coated indocyanine green loaded iron oxide nanoparticle; DNBS, 2,4-dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid; DSS, dextran sodium sulfate; DTPA, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid; FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate; Gd, gadolinium; MNPs, magnetic nanoparticles; NPs, nanoparticles; PBNPs, Prussian blue nanoparticles; PEG, polyethylene glycol; PFC, perfluorocarbon; RES, reticuloendothelial system; SLN, solid lipid nanoparticles.