Simulation of Exercise-Induced Syncope in a Heart Model with Severe Aortic Valve Stenosis

Figure 1

Equivalent circuit of the left ventricle. If left ventricular contractility is decreased (note the switch activated at 70.5 s), it is still acted upon by some residual inotropic influence. Note that its upper limit is determined by the battery in the voltage limiter. Aortic stenosis is simulated by introducing a series resistance 0.8 U (800 kΩ) at the output of the aortic valve.