Multiscale Cross-Approximate Entropy Analysis as a Measurement of Complexity between ECG R-R Interval and PPG Pulse Amplitude Series among the Normal and Diabetic Subjects

Table 1

Comparisons of demographic, anthropometric, and serum biochemical parameters between Group 1 and Group 2.

Parameters	Group 1 (𝑛=27); (male: 12, female: 15)	Group 2 (𝑛=24); (male: 13, female: 11)	P value
Age, year	54.96±8.75	57.71±7.50	𝑃=0.079
BMI, kg/m^2	25.73±3.71	27.56±5.09	𝑃=0.145
WC, cm	85.89±10.40	94.17±12.27	P = 0.012
SBP, mmHg	119.52±14.70	126.71±16.62	𝑃=0.108
DBP, mmHg	76.59±10.18	75.83±9.51	𝑃=0.785
PP, mmHg	42.93±10.37	50.88±13.53	P = 0.022
HbA1c, %	5.88±0.33	9.09±1.84	P < 0.001
FBS, mg/dL	99.07±15.85	167.21±56.67	P < 0.001
LDL, mg/dL	124.22±28.90	121.33±31.55	𝑃=0.308
HDL, mg/dL	50.48±19.84	42.83±15.78	𝑃=0.122
Cholesterol, mg/dL	208.81±36.36	199.75±47.95	𝑃=0.177
Triglyceride, mg/dL	126.11±97.72	164.96±107.41	𝑃=0.113

Group 1: healthy upper middle-aged subjects. Group 2: upper middle-aged subjects with type 2 diabetes. BMI: body mass index. SBP: systolic blood pressure. DBP: diastolic blood pressure. PP: pulse pressure. HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin. FBS: fasting blood sugar. LDL: low-density lipoprotein. HDL: high-density lipoprotein. WC: waist circumference.