Multiscale Cross-Approximate Entropy Analysis as a Measure of Complexity among the Aged and Diabetic

Table 1

Comparisons of demographic, anthropometric, and serum biochemical parameters, MCEI_SS, and MCEI_LS among different subject populations.

Parameters	Group 1	Group 2	Group 3	Group 4
Age, year	26.56±9.60	58.19±8.29^∗∗	62.74±0.55	60.58±7.68
Body height, cm	169.38±7.92	162.83±6.85^∗∗	161.56±8.97	161.17±7.28
Body weight, kg	66.38±12.21	65.22±11.55	69.40±11.37	73.75±14.86
BMI, kg/m^2	23.02±3.27	24.55±3.90	26.52±3.21^†	28.42±5.47
Waist circumference, cm	81.20±11.09	82.94±11.00	93.33±9.37^††	97.46±3.77
SBP, mmHg	116.50±12.89	115.67±14.12	128.32±16.08^††	128.46±16.36
DBP, mmHg	71.44±6.70	74.75±9.93	75.58±9.63	78.21±9.89
PP, mmHg	42.97±0.96	40.92±9.29	52.74±14.34^††	50.25±13.12
HbA1c, %	5.43±0.32	5.84±0.34^∗∗	6.74±0.62^††	9.36±1.59^‡‡
Triglyceride, mg/dL	88.88±62.54	114.06±88.15	120.87±47.74	168.04±98.43^‡
Fasting blood sugar, mg/dL	93.13±6.96	97.78±14.69	127.27±24.75^††	183.96±58.66^‡‡
MEISS(RRI)	9.31±0.54	8.54±0.78	8.00±1.08^†	7.64±0.81
MEILS(RRI)	27.11±2.16	26.38±2.07	25.59±2.89	25.45±3.25
MEISS(PTT)	9.97±0.38	9.90±0.40	9.85±0.56	9.50±1.41
MEILS(PTT)	26.73±2.40	23.86±3.71^∗∗	21.65±2.55^†	21.06±4.92
MCEISS	10.18±0.52	9.42±0.70^∗∗	9.41±0.62	9.25±0.39
MCEILS	28.30±1.26	25.96±1.99^∗∗	23.14±1.85^††	20.13±1.73^‡‡

Group 1: healthy young subjects, Group 2: healthy upper middle-aged subjects, Group 3: type 2 diabetic well-controlled patients, Group 4: type 2 diabetic poorly controlled patients. Values are expressed as mean ± SD. BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; PP: pulse pressure; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; MEI_SS(RRI): R-R interval-based multiscale entropy index with small scale; MEI_LS(RRI): R-R interval-based multiscale entropy index with large scale; MEI_SS(PTT): pulse transit time-based multiscale entropy index with small scale; MEI_LS(PTT): pulse transit time-based multiscale entropy index with large scale; MCEI_SS: multiscale Co_ApEn_{RRI′(𝜏)PTT′(𝜏)}(𝜏) index with small scale; MCEI_LS: multiscale Co_ApEn_{RRI′(𝜏)PTT′(𝜏)}(𝜏) index with large scale.
^†𝑃<0.05 Group 2 versus Group 3, ^‡𝑃<0.05 Group 3 versus Group 4. ^∗∗𝑃<0.01 Group 1 versus Group 2, ^††𝑃<0.01 Group 2 versus Group 3, and ^‡‡𝑃<0.01 Group 3 versus Group 4.