Uses of Phage Display in Agriculture: A Review of Food-Related Protein-Protein Interactions Discovered by Biopanning over Diverse Baits
Figure 1
A graphic depiction of events occurring during the stages of late maturation, quiescence, and germination of orthodox seeds [27]. (a) Four stages during a plant’s lifecycle commencing with seed maturation desiccation and ending with postgermination seedling establishment (Postgerm). Seed water content is represented by the solid blue line in the graph and is depicted as well by shades of blue in the background highlighting stages in the continuum encompassing late seed maturation, quiescence, and the three classical phases of water uptake during seed germination (imbibition, lag, and embryo elongation/seedling establishment (establish)). Phase III has been placed to span the completion of germination because turgor-driven embryo cell expansion, required to protrude from the seed, necessitates additional water uptake. The axis representing time has been broken during quiescence to emphasize that, although this period can last for centuries, certain species seeds remain viable [28, 29]. Events that are beneficial for the preparation of maturation desiccation or the resumption of growth are presented as green lines. Events occurring that are detrimental to the cellular constituents are depicted as purple lines. The commencement and termination of these events are signified by short-dashed lines. A drying event, followed by rehydration during germination, has been inserted as a long-dashed blue line. This region is also highlighted by yellow shading that depicts a period of high temperature stress. The abundance of the seed storage proteins is depicted as a yellow bar whose thickness is tapered at both ends to signify net accumulation during late embryogenesis and rapid hydrolysis during seedling establishment. (b) Late embryogenesis abundant protein (LEAP) synthesis and utilization during late seed maturation and quiescence. The overall progression of a non-dormant (quiescent) seed toward the completion of germination (100% progression) is depicted as a solid line commencing at the arrow (seed imbibes) on the time axis. To emphasize the capacity of the seed to preserve its physiology at a point above 0 progression (-axis) during the dehydration/supraoptimal temperature event (dash-dotted brown line), the trajectory of progression deviates partially from that had no drying/thermal stress occurred. The red line, and the dash-dotted red progression trajectory emanating from it, portrays a seed without the capacity to preserve its physiology. The difference (double-headed arrow) is the seed hydration memory [30]. The only manifestation of the stressful event interrupting the progression of germination is a slightly delayed point on the time axis at which the embryo protrudes. A seed unable to maintain its physiology may or may not be capable of completing germination, hence the question mark. The production of the LEAPs and their utilization to presumably preserve the seed’s physiology, post-imbibition, are indicated. The time axis is broken during the stressful event to signify its unknown duration. Graph adapted from Nonogaki et al. [10].
