Review of Modelling Techniques for In Vivo Muscle Force Estimation in the Lower Extremities during Strength Training
Table 2
Summary of studies reporting on computational techniques to determine muscle forces during strength training of the lower extremities in vivo. Dynamic squat jump was mainly analysed using forward dynamic (FD) simulation, while low-speed ankle, hip, and knee exercises were analysed using quasi-static inverse dynamics (ID) optimisation, electromyography-driven (EMG) modelling, or mixed inverse dynamics/forward dynamics analysis. Different approaches were adopted to distribute the net joint moments from ID across muscles, ranging from simple 1-muscle models to advanced optimization schemes taking muscle force-length-velocity (--) into account. Data from EMG, optical motion capture (OMC), and ground reaction forces (GRF) were used as input or reference to assess the accuracy of modelling results.