Augmented Reality: A Brand New Challenge for the Assessment and Treatment of Psychological Disorders

Table 2

Information about the selected studies on the assessment and treatment of specific phobia for small animals using an AR system.

Authors	Year	Sample	Conditions	Dependent variables	AR device	Results
Juan et al. [39]	2004	1 patient with cockroach phobia	Case study with AR	Anxiety	HMD with AR-tags	Decrease of anxiety level after treatment
Botella et al. [35, 40]	2005	1 patient with cockroach phobia	Case study with AR	Avoidance; behaviour; Degree of belief in catastrophic thought; Anxiety; Target behaviour; Presence; Reality judgment	HMD with AR-tags	Decrease of anxiety, fear, and avoidance after treatment; High level of presence and judgment of reality
Juan et al. [31]	2005	9 patients with cockroach and spider phobia	AR	Anxiety; Fear; Avoidance; behaviours; Presence; Reality judgment	HMD with AR-tags	Decrease of anxiety, fear, and avoidance after treatment; High level of presence and judgment of reality
Botella et al. [34]	2010	6 patients with cockroach phobia	AR	Anxiety; Target behaviour; Behavioural avoidance	HMD with AR-tags	Decrease of anxiety, fear, and avoidance after treatment and maintained at follow-up periods (three, six, and twelve months follow-up)
Bretón-López et al. [32]	2010	6 patients with cockroach phobia	AR	Anxiety; Presence; Reality judgment	HMD with AR-tags	Decrease of anxiety. High levels of presence and reality judgment
Botella et al. [33]	2011	1 patient with cockroach phobia	Case Study with AR	Anxiety; Target behaviours; Behavioural avoidance	Mobile phone marker less versus HMD AR-tags	Decrease of anxiety, fear, and avoidance behaviours in both conditions.
Juan and Calatrava [37]	2011	24 healthy volunteers	AR-OST HMD; AR-VST	Anxiety; Presence	AR-OST HMD versus; AR-VST	The AR-VST induced grater sense of presence than AR-OST.; Significant anxiety in both conditions
Juand and Joele [38]	2011	24 healthy volunteers	AR marker-based versus; invisible AR-tags	Anxiety; Presence	HMD with visible AR-tags versus invisible AR-tags	The invisible AR-tags induced a higher sense of presence and anxiety than the visible AR-tags
Wrzesien et al. [29]	2011a	22 patients with cockroach and spider phobia	In vivo versus AR	Anxiety, behavioural avoidance Belief in negative thoughts	HMD with AR-tags	Decrease of anxiety, fear, avoidance behaviours, and belief in negative thoughts
Wrzesien et al. [28]	2011b	22 patients with cockroach and spider phobia	AR	Anxiety, behavioural avoidance Belief in negative thoughts	HMD with AR-tags	Decrease of anxiety, fear, avoidance behaviours, and belief in negative thoughts
Wrzesien et al. [30]	2013	26 healthy volunteers	AR	Anxiety; Avoidance	Therapeutic lamp (TL)	Decrease of anxiety