Group Guided Fused Laplacian Sparse Group Lasso for Modeling Alzheimer’s Disease Progression
Table 6
Prediction performance results of ten cognitive scores of four time points based on multimodality features.
Method
TGL
cFSGL
GFL-SGL
TGL
cFSGL
GFL-SGL
Score: ADAS
MRI
PET
nMSE
4.5264 ± 0.6382
4.4109 ± 0.5918
4.6987 ± 0.7419
4.6438 ± 0.6733
4.4061 ± 0.6413
4.4294 ± 0.6974
wR
0.6806 ± 0.0877
0.6806 ± 0.0853
0.6692 ± 0.0897
0.6792 ± 0.0716
0.6940 ± 0.0755
0.6997 ± 0.0842
BL rMSE
6.3971 ± 1.1270
6.3670 ± 1.0509
6.5227 ± 1.3104
6.5252 ± 1.4146
6.3755 ± 1.3076
6.3614 ± 1.3953
M12 rMSE
5.8845 ± 1.1703
5.8519 ± 1.0680
6.0360 ± 1.1920
6.0747 ± 1.2560
5.8881 ± 1.0507
5.8035 ± 1.0189
M24 rMSE
5.2531 ± 0.9237
5.2829 ± 0.9966
5.4175 ± 0.9846
5.4755 ± 1.0622
5.2970 ± 1.0386
5.2901 ± 0.9836
M36 rMSE
5.6362 ± 1.4445
4.5437 ± 1.5677
5.0457 ± 1.8708
4.4315 ± 1.8231
4.2938 ± 1.5977
5.0727 ± 2.0042
Score: ADAS
MP
MPCD
nMSE
4.3771 ± 0.8225
4.0380 ± 0.5282
3.8140 ± 0.7056
4.1169 ± 0.5791
3.9251 ± 0.4846
3.7255±0.6441
wR
0.7140 ± 0.0756
0.7178 ± 0.0717
0.7400 ± 0.0942
0.7222 ± 0.0633
0.7267 ± 0.0633
0.7477±0.0842
BL rMSE
6.1640 ± 1.0841
6.1365 ± 1.0937
5.9200 ± 1.0238
6.0910 ± 1.1327
6.0447 ± 1.1147
5.8632±1.0630
M12 rMSE
5.6180 ± 0.9929
5.5713 ± 0.9659
5.2731 ± 0.7940
5.5036 ± 1.0018
5.5110 ± 0.9877
5.2172±0.7874
M24 rMSE
5.3149 ± 0.9609
5.0187 ± 0.9873
4.7865 ± 0.7474
5.1299 ± 1.0265
4.9841 ± 1.0004
4.7442±0.7253
M36 rMSE
6.1291 ± 1.7931
4.3765 ± 1.5989
5.1638 ± 1.6369
5.4648 ± 1.8165
4.2363±1.2992
5.0341 ± 1.5739
Score: MMSE
MRI
PET
nMSE
1.9059 ± 0.3673
1.5544 ± 0.1589
1.5446 ± 0.1709
2.0863 ± 0.9497
1.8916 ± 0.4145
1.5699 ± 0.1326
wR
0.4737 ± 0.1132
0.5449 ± 0.1009
0.5383 ± 0.1014
0.4988 ± 0.0906
0.5233 ± 0.0813
0.5270 ± 0.0843
BL rMSE
1.9866 ± 0.2782
1.8715 ± 0.3253
1.9085 ± 0.3409
2.0294 ± 0.3362
1.9772 ± 0.3649
1.8974 ± 0.3600
M12 rMSE
1.9969 ± 0.4054
1.7781 ± 0.2863
1.7843 ± 0.2764
1.9950 ± 0.4867
1.9040 ± 0.2725
1.8229 ± 0.2912
M24 rMSE
1.8220 ± 0.4220
1.6044 ± 0.2843
1.5656 ± 0.3140
1.9738 ± 0.7546
1.7230 ± 0.2846
1.5950 ± 0.2976
M36 rMSE
1.9900 ± 1.0439
1.6339 ± 0.5279
1.4005 ± 0.4729
1.9142 ± 0.8379
2.3950 ± 2.0477
1.3472 ± 0.4827
Score: MMSE
MP
MPCD
nMSE
1.7323 ± 0.3153
1.5056 ± 0.1055
1.4386 ± 0.1310
1.7428 ± 0.4059
1.5697 ± 0.2846
1.3881±0.1132
wR
0.5128 ± 0.0950
0.5763 ± 0.0969
0.5743 ± 0.0996
0.5352 ± 0.0931
0.5961±0.1005
0.5899 ± 0.0882
BL rMSE
1.9714 ± 0.3393
1.8456 ± 0.3451
1.8486 ± 0.3119
1.9487 ± 0.3099
1.8780 ± 0.3308
1.8185±0.3082
M12 rMSE
1.8040 ± 0.2961
1.7277 ± 0.2223
1.7144 ± 0.2366
1.8753 ± 0.4289
1.7615 ± 0.2122
1.6804±0.2269
M24 rMSE
1.7497 ± 0.4408
1.5849 ± 0.2728
1.4954 ± 0.2847
1.7516 ± 0.4781
1.5927 ± 0.2903
1.4702±0.2631
M36 rMSE
1.8481 ± 0.8608
1.5549 ± 0.5338
1.3110 ± 0.3568
1.6768 ± 0.8175
1.5542 ± 0.5532
1.2835±0.4067
Score: RAVLT.TOTAL
MRI
PET
nMSE
8.0525 ± 0.8185
7.7486 ± 0.8179
7.6082 ± 0.6860
7.9924 ± 0.5839
7.8193 ± 0.8231
7.6544 ± 0.7192
wR
0.5989 ± 0.0863
0.6094 ± 0.0843
0.6091 ± 0.0790
0.6060 ± 0.0847
0.6003 ± 0.0879
0.6114 ± 0.0853
BL rMSE
9.9809 ± 0.4439
9.8006 ± 0.4509
9.7251 ± 0.4688
9.8305 ± 0.5759
9.7743 ± 0.5324
9.6843 ± 0.5663
M12 rMSE
9.8284 ± 0.6685
9.6394 ± 0.7234
9.5819 ± 0.7833
9.8347 ± 0.7366
9.7590 ± 0.8969
9.6180 ± 0.8630
M24 rMSE
9.4549 ± 0.7243
9.2849 ± 0.7749
9.2384 ± 0.6425
9.8301 ± 0.9371
9.4391 ± 0.9715
9.4183 ± 0.9896
M36 rMSE
9.3364 ± 2.2043
8.9823 ± 1.7996
8.5631 ± 1.9444
7.8316 ± 3.0020
8.6391 ± 2.9697
8.3481 ± 2.5665
Score: RAVLT.TOTAL
MP
MPCD
nMSE
7.4966 ± 0.9717
7.2046 ± 0.8326
7.0655 ± 1.1493
7.1461 ± 0.8736
6.7422 ± 1.0602
6.6873±0.6733
wR
0.6350 ± 0.0878
0.6474 ± 0.0888
0.6484 ± 0.0880
0.6617 ± 0.0839
0.6785±0.0777
0.6749 ± 0.0631
BL rMSE
9.6097 ± 0.5299
9.4845 ± 0.4346
9.4516 ± 0.6709
9.4001 ± 0.4595
9.1793±0.4505
9.2208 ± 0.5886
M12 rMSE
9.6195 ± 0.8968
9.2463 ± 0.8042
9.1269 ± 0.8163
9.3194 ± 0.8020
8.8950 ± 0.8305
8.8526±0.6871
M24 rMSE
9.1631 ± 1.0479
8.9473 ± 0.9751
8.7158 ± 0.9721
9.0133 ± 1.1389
8.7459 ± 1.2098
8.5530±0.8763
M36 rMSE
7.7625 ± 2.4338
8.2418 ± 2.4518
7.9290 ± 2.6269
7.5097±2.0572
7.5204 ± 1.9360
7.8103 ± 1.9563
Score: RAVLT.TOT6
MRI
PET
nMSE
2.8868 ± 0.2822
2.6401 ± 0.3055
2.6064 ± 0.2727
2.8255 ± 0.2411
2.7979 ± 0.3045
2.6485 ± 0.2487
wR
0.5500 ± 0.0947
0.5910 ± 0.0924
0.5944 ± 0.0903
0.5577 ± 0.0894
0.5599 ± 0.0931
0.5890 ± 0.0806
BL rMSE
3.4094 ± 0.2020
3.2999 ± 0.1986
3.2783 ± 0.1890
3.3321 ± 0.1612
3.3348 ± 0.2227
3.2591 ± 0.2057
M12 rMSE
3.3799 ± 0.2517
3.2278 ± 0.2236
3.2090 ± 0.2246
3.3612 ± 0.1926
3.3499 ± 0.2158
3.2439 ± 0.2019
M24 rMSE
3.3710 ± 0.2493
3.1341 ± 0.3127
3.1229 ± 0.2896
3.3609 ± 0.3845
3.2712 ± 0.3592
3.2008 ± 0.3248
M36 rMSE
3.1387 ± 0.9838
2.9726 ± 0.8134
2.9418 ± 0.8377
3.1407 ± 0.5365
3.2738 ± 0.5865
3.1430 ± 0.6435
Score: RAVLT.TOT6
MP
MPCD
nMSE
2.7875 ± 0.3857
2.4537 ± 0.3621
2.4498 ± 0.3377
2.6628 ± 0.3559
2.4224 ± 0.3332
2.3788±0.3278
wR
0.5778 ± 0.1049
0.6233 ± 0.0978
0.6234 ± 0.0970
0.5975 ± 0.0924
0.6322 ± 0.0941
0.6385±0.0945
BL rMSE
3.3512 ± 0.1991
3.1895 ± 0.2325
3.1879 ± 0.2241
3.2930 ± 0.1280
3.1716 ± 0.1708
3.1401±0.1625
M12 rMSE
3.3006 ± 0.2932
3.1072 ± 0.2349
3.0973 ± 0.2367
3.2311 ± 0.3066
3.0928 ± 0.2264
3.0549±0.2382
M24 rMSE
3.2935 ± 0.3180
2.9931 ± 0.3542
2.9989 ± 0.3644
3.2161 ± 0.3336
2.9747 ± 0.3850
2.9621±0.3640
M36 rMSE
3.1544 ± 0.9584
2.8170 ± 0.6229
2.8485 ± 0.6632
2.8216 ± 0.9254
2.7400±0.5987
2.7649 ± 0.6387
Score: RAVLT.T30
MRI
PET
nMSE
3.0202 ± 0.2655
2.8297 ± 0.3403
2.7928 ± 0.3498
2.9929 ± 0.4670
2.9441 ± 0.4039
2.9405 ± 0.4265
wR
0.5590 ± 0.0615
0.5861 ± 0.0742
0.5930 ± 0.0721
0.5551 ± 0.0787
0.5692 ± 0.0808
0.5663 ± 0.0780
BL rMSE
3.5917 ± 0.2374
3.5116 ± 0.2514
3.4962 ± 0.2530
3.5711 ± 0.2889
3.5457 ± 0.3032
3.5681 ± 0.3175
M12 rMSE
3.5622 ± 0.2249
3.4155 ± 0.2275
3.3880 ± 0.2550
3.4596 ± 0.3294
3.4806 ± 0.2565
3.4492 ± 0.2890
M24 rMSE
3.5364 ± 0.2177
3.3545 ± 0.2571
3.3244 ± 0.2403
3.5668 ± 0.3435
3.4654 ± 0.3094
3.4536 ± 0.3149
M36 rMSE
2.8940 ± 1.0197
2.8383 ± 1.1163
2.8168 ± 1.1970
3.2296 ± 1.0962
3.2096 ± 1.0170
3.2185 ± 1.1173
Score: RAVLT.T30
MP
MPCD
nMSE
2.8661 ± 0.4574
2.6653 ± 0.4271
2.6191 ± 0.4000
2.8335 ± 0.4235
2.6732 ± 0.5128
2.5605±0.3929
wR
0.5811 ± 0.0777
0.6213 ± 0.0828
0.6241 ± 0.0806
0.5955 ± 0.0752
0.6229 ± 0.0907
0.6369±0.0820
BL rMSE
3.5165 ± 0.2941
3.4327 ± 0.2917
3.4035 ± 0.2899
3.4891 ± 0.2710
3.4373 ± 0.2959
3.3650±0.2547
M12 rMSE
3.4078 ± 0.3479
3.3028 ± 0.2590
3.2698 ± 0.2802
3.4073 ± 0.3256
3.3030 ± 0.3404
3.2280±0.2819
M24 rMSE
3.4425 ± 0.2763
3.1974 ± 0.3307
3.1882 ± 0.2826
3.4122 ± 0.2822
3.1894 ± 0.4132
3.1638±0.3322
M36 rMSE
2.9862 ± 1.1763
2.7979 ± 1.0262
2.7246 ± 1.0379
2.9526 ± 1.1659
2.7488 ± 1.0675
2.6291±0.9136
Score: RAVLT.RECOG
MRI
PET
nMSE
2.7632 ± 0.2634
2.6598 ± 0.2204
2.6003 ± 0.3379
2.8033 ± 0.5374
2.6547 ± 0.4051
2.6324 ± 0.4138
wR
0.4662 ± 0.1014
0.4728 ± 0.1037
0.5035 ± 0.1158
0.4830 ± 0.1530
0.4955 ± 0.1426
0.5053 ± 0.1311
BL rMSE
3.1427 ± 0.2787
3.1581 ± 0.3301
3.0909 ± 0.3185
3.1383 ± 0.3398
3.0983 ± 0.3626
3.0782 ± 0.3718
M12 rMSE
3.0770 ± 0.4168
3.0286 ± 0.3795
2.9733 ± 0.3981
3.0581 ± 0.4946
2.9974 ± 0.3816
2.9664 ± 0.3816
M24 rMSE
2.9060 ± 0.3237
2.7350 ± 0.2852
2.7274 ± 0.2901
2.9088 ± 0.2768
2.7838 ± 0.3548
2.7737 ± 0.3809
M36 rMSE
2.5846 ± 0.7415
2.2824 ± 0.5062
2.4006 ± 0.5876
2.7997 ± 0.7357
2.5641 ± 0.3984
2.5969 ± 0.8513
Score: RAVLT.RECOG
MP
MPCD
nMSE
2.7116 ± 0.3045
2.5529 ± 0.4180
2.4729 ± 0.3549
2.7455 ± 0.2660
2.5057 ± 0.3914
2.4583±0.3645
wR
0.4849 ±
0.5279 ± 0.1193
0.5376 ± 0.1176
0.4926 ±
0.5351 ± 0.1247
0.5419±0.1240
BL rMSE
3.1454 ± 0.2630
3.0738 ± 0.3404
3.0246 ± 0.3262
3.1666 ± 0.2885
3.0441 ± 0.3272
3.0206±0.3336
M12 rMSE
3.0863 ± 0.4539
2.9311 ± 0.3865
2.8867 ± 0.3795
3.0925 ± 0.4455
2.9022 ± 0.4169
2.8690±0.3839
M24 rMSE
2.7858 ± 0.3400
2.6819 ± 0.2855
2.6470 ± 0.2954
2.8290 ± 0.3699
2.6632 ± 0.3016
2.6380±0.3253
M36 rMSE
2.3208 ± 0.7000
2.2783 ± 0.4832
2.3415 ± 0.5395
2.3693 ± 0.6535
2.2978±0.4541
2.3546 ± 0.4869
Note that the best results are boldfaced. The superscript symbol “” indicates that GFL-SGL significantly outperformed that method on that score. Paired t-test at a level of 0.05 was used.
