Effect of Different Glucose Monitoring Methods on Bold Glucose Control: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 1

Basic characteristics of included literature.

ID	Research type	Country	Blood glucose monitoring mode	Sample size	Insulin regimen	Age	Baseline HbA1c (mmol/mol)	Baseline HbA1c (%)	Diabetes mellitus time	Study time	Outcome indicators
Ajjan et al. 2016[10]	RCT	Britain	RT-CGM	28	MDI					100 days	HbA1c
			SMBG	13	MDI
Beck et al. 2017[11]	RCT	U.S.	RT-CGM	105	MDI					24 weeks	HbA1c, SH, DKA
			SMBG	53	MDI
Bolinder et al. 2016[12]	RCT	Europe	isCGM	120	MDI/CSII					24 weeks	HbA1c, SH, DKA
			SMBG	121	MDI/CSII
Bosi et al. 2019[13]	RCT	Britain	RT-CGM	76	CSII					24 weeks	HbA1c, SH, DKA
			SMBG	77	CSII
Boucher et al. 2020[14]	RCT	New Zealand	isCGM	33	MDI/CSII					24 weeks	HbA1c, SH, DKA
			SMBG	31	MDI/CSII
Dicembrini et al. 2020[15]	Cross design test	Europe	RT-CGM	14	CSII					16 weeks	HbA1c, SH, DKA
			SMBG	14	MDI
Heinemann et al. 2018[16]	RCT	Europe	RT-CGM	74	MDI					26 weeks	HbA1c
			SMBG	74	MDI
Jensen et al. 2022[17]	RCT	Europe/North America	P-CGM	117	MDI/CSII					16 weeks	HbA1c, SH
			SMBG	355	MDI/CSII
Laffel et al. 2020[18]	RCT	U.S	RT-CGM	74	MDI/CSII					26 weeks	HbA1c, SH, DKA
			SMBG	79	MDI/CSII
Lind et al. 2017[19]	Cross design test	Europe	RT-CGM	82	MDI					26 weeks	HbA1c, SH, DKA
			SMBG	79	MDI
Pratley et al. 2020[20]	RCT	U.S	RT-CGM	103	MDI/CSII					24 weeks	HbA1c, SH, DKA
			SMBG	100	MDI/CSII
Thabit et al. 2020[21]	Cross design test	Britain	RT-CGM	16	MDI/CSII		NR	NR	NR	8 weeks	HbA1c, SH, DKA
			SMBG	15	MDI/CSII		NR	NR	NR
Tumminia et al. 2015[22]	Cross design test	Europe	RT-CGM	10	MDI/CSII	NR			NR	24 weeks	HbA1c, SH, DKA
			SMBG	10	MDI/CSII	NR	NR		NR
van Beers et al. 2016[23]	Cross design test	Netherlands	RT-CGM	26	MDI/CSII	NR	NR	NR	NR	16 weeks	HbA1c, SH, DKA
			SMBG	26	MDI/CSII	NR		NR	NR
Zhang et al. 2021[24]	RCT	China	FGM	71	MDI/CSII		NR			48 weeks	HbA1c
			SMBG	75	MDI/CSII		NR

Note: RT-CGM: real-time blood glucose monitoring; SMBG: self-blood glucose monitoring; isCGM: intermittent scanning CGM; P-CGM: individual continuous blood glucose monitoring; FGM: rapid blood glucose monitoring; SH: severe hypoglycemia; DKA: diabetes ketoacidosis; CSII: insulin pump; MDI: multiple subcutaneous injections per day; RCT: randomized control trials.