Three Acupuncture Methods for Postoperative Pain in Mixed Hemorrhoids: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis

Table 2

The basic characteristics of the included studies.

Author year	Sample size	Treatment group 1	Treatment group 2	Anesthetic mode	Operation method	Outcome	Adverse reactions and complications
		Intervention age (year)/course (year)	Intervention age (year)/course (year)
Xiong and Xie [9]	63	Acupoint catgut embedding therapy	Analgesic	NA	NA	1, 2	NA
Chen and Deng [10]	40	Auricular plaster	Regular treatment	NA	NA	2	NA
Fang et al. [11]	66	Auricular plaster	Regular treatment	NA	NA	3	Treatment group 1: none; treatment group 2: 1 case of perianal skin pruritus and wound bleeding, 1 case of asthma, and 1 case of abnormal liver function and urinary tract infection
Zhu et al. [12]	120	Auricular plaster 37.4/NA	Regular treatment 37.8/NA	Lumbar anesthesia	MM	1	NA
Huang et al. [13]	120	Auricular plaster 38/NA	Regular treatment 38/NA	Lumbar anesthesia	MM	1, 2	NA
Di et al. [14]	60	Auricular plaster	Regular treatment	Lumbar anesthesia	PPH	2	Treatment group 1: 1 case of dizziness and 2 cases of dry mouth, 3 cases of dizziness; treatment group 2: 2 cases of nausea, 1 case of vomiting, and 3 cases of dry mouth
Gao and Liu [15]	90	Auricular plaster	Analgesic	NA	MM	3	NA
Liu and Zheng [16]	601	Auricular plaster NA/NA	Regular treatment NA/NA	Local anesthesia	MM	1	NA
Di et al. [17]	120	Auricular plaster	Analgesic	Lumbar anesthesia	PPH	1	Treatment group 1: none; treatment group 2: 2 cases of dizziness, 3 cases of nausea, 1 case of vomiting, 1 case of drowsiness, and 1 case of dry mouth
Yan [18]	120	Auricular plaster NA/NA	Regular treatment NA/NA	Local anesthesia	MM	2	NA
Yang et al. [19]	100	Auricular plaster combined with acupoint application	Regular treatment	NA	NA	1, 2	NA
Hu [20]	120	Auricular plaster 34/NA	Regular treatment 33/NA	NA	NA	1	NA
Liu et al. [21]	140	Auricular plaster	Regular treatment	NA	NA	2	NA
Beilei et al. [22]	66	Auricular plaster	Analgesic	NA	NA	1, 2, 3	NA
Chen et al. [23]	224	Auricular plaster	Regular treatment	NA	MM	3	NA
Gan [24]	271	Auricular plaster NA/NA	Regular treatment NA/NA	Lumbar anesthesia	MM	1	NA
Tang and Hu [25]	40	Auricular plaster 31/NA	Analgesic 31/NA	Lumbar anesthesia	MM	1	NA
Hong et al. [26]	100	Auricular plaster 60/NA	Analgesic 58/NA	Local anesthesia	MM	1, 3	NA
Chai and Feng [27]	140	Auricular plaster 41.87/NA	Analgesic 42.13/NA	NA	NA	1	NA
Yang [28]	60	Auricular plaster	Regular treatment	NA	NA	2	Treatment group 1: none; treatment group 2: 2 cases of dizziness, 1 case of chest tightness, and 1 case of urticaria
Zhang [29]	60	Auricular plaster	Regular treatment	NA	NA	3	None
Li [30]	106	Auricular plaster	Analgesic	NA	NA	1	NA
Pan [31]	80	Auricular plaster	Analgesic	NA	NA	2	Treatment group 1: 2 cases with irregular defecation and 1 case with edema; treatment group 2: 4 cases of urinary retention, 1 case of bleeding, 2 cases of irregular defecation, and 3 cases of edema
Zheng and Yv [32]	120	Auricular plaster combined with acupoint application	Analgesic	NA	NA	3	Treatment group 1: none; treatment group 2: 7 cases with mild stomach pain and other stomach upset symptoms
Wang and Chen [33]	80	Acupoint application	Analgesic	NA	MM	2	Treatment group 1: none; treatment group 2: postoperative urinary retention in 3 cases, local trauma tissue edema in 2 cases; postoperative stomachache was relieved spontaneously in 1 case
Huang et al. [34]	60	Acupoint catgut embedding therapy	Regular treatment	Local anesthesia	MM	2	NA
Li et al. [35]	120	Acupoint catgut embedding therapy	Regular treatment	Caudal anesthesia	MM	3	NA
Yang et al. [36]	120	Acupoint catgut embedding therapy	Analgesic	Local anesthesia	MM	2	Treatment group 1: 2 cases of urinary retention, 7 cases of edema, and 1 case of nausea; treatment group 2: 8 cases of urinary retention, 17 cases of edema, 6 cases of nausea, 4 cases of vomiting, and 5 cases of vertigo
Sheng et al. [37]	60	Acupoint catgut embedding therapy	Regular treatment	Lumbar anesthesia	MM	2	Treatment group 1: 3 cases of irregular defecation and 2 cases of anal edema; treatment group 2: 10 cases of irregular defecation and 8 cases of anal edema
Yue and Li [38]	200	Acupoint catgut embedding therapy 46.5/NA	Analgesic 47.3/NA	NA	MM	1	NA
Zhang [39]	70	Acupoint catgut embedding therapy	Analgesic	NA	NA	2	NA
Liang et al. [40]	60	Acupoint application	Regular treatment	NA	MM	2	NA
Li [41]	30	Acupoint application	Regular treatment	NA	NA	3	NA
Meng et al. [42]	160	Acupoint application	Regular treatment	NA	NA	1, 2, 3	NA
Zhou et al. [43]	90	Acupoint catgut embedding therapy	Analgesic	CSEA	MM	2	Treatment group 1: 1 case of nausea and vomiting, 1 case of localized skin discomfort; treatment group 2: 8 cases of dizziness and headache, 13 cases of nausea and vomiting, 6 cases of being flustered, and 4 cases of local skin discomfort
Li et al. [44]	90	Acupoint catgut embedding therapy	Analgesic	Local anesthesia	MM	3	Treatment group 1: 7 cases had difficulty urinating and 4 cases had edema; treatment group 2: 15 cases had difficulty urinating and 9 cases had edema
Du [45]	60	Acupoint catgut embedding therapy	Analgesic	Local anesthesia	MM	2	Treatment group 1: none; treatment group 2: 3 cases of nausea and vomiting
Wang [46]	68	Auricular plaster combined with acupoint application	Regular treatment	Lumbar anesthesia	MM	2	Treatment group 1: 2 cases of nausea, 1 case of vomiting; treatment group 2: 5 cases of nausea, 3 cases of vomiting, 1 case of stomatitis, 1 case of allergic dermatitis
Liang and Wen [47]	96	Acupoint application	Regular treatment	Intravertebral canal anesthesia	MM	1	NA
Wang et al. [48]	90	Acupoint application	Regular treatment	NA	NA	1	NA
Xie and Huang [49]	60	Acupoint application	Regular treatment	Local anesthesia	MM	2	NA
Huang et al. [50]	60	Auricular plaster	Regular treatment	Local anesthesia	MM	2	None
Ma [51]	150	Auricular plaster	Regular treatment	NA	NA	1	NA
Sun and Chen [52]	100	Auricular plaster	Regular treatment	NA	MM	2	NA
Wang et al. [53]	60	Acupoint catgut embedding therapy	Regular treatment	Intravertebral canal anesthesia	NA	3	Treatment group 1: 3 cases of voiding difficulties and 2 cases of edema; treatment group 2: 10 cases of voiding difficulties, 8 cases of edema
Yan et al. [54]	80	Auricular plaster	Regular treatment	NA	NA	3	NA
Pei et al. [7]	130	Acupoint catgut embedding therapy	Regular treatment	NA	MM	2	NA

Outcome indicators: 1: total effective rate; 2: pain score; 3: pain degree; NA: not available; MM: Milligan-Morgan; PPH: procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids; CSEA: combined spinal-epidural anesthesia.